Fitzgerald: Islam in Africa

Jihad Watch Board Vice President Hugh Fitzgerald surveys the effects of the Islamic presence in Africa:

Islam has had its effect on Africa, all right. In the north, the thriving agriculture, and flourishing civilization of migrants and Phoenician traders and Jews and christianized Berbers, the Other Shore of Mediterranean civilization, from where among others Tertullian and Augustine of Hippo came, was destroyed by the Arab Muslim invaders, with the consequences for North Africa that we can all see. It was only in the period of French rule in Algeria, from 1830 to 1962, that agriculture was revived (including that of the vineyards), that the desertification that Arab non-methods of cultivation brought everywhere they conquered was reversed, and where universities, museums, and other outward and visible signs of civilization were established and maintained. For that moment, Algeria again possessed something like civilization -- and now it has relapsed, as of course it could have been predicted that it would, into a scarcely endurable and violent place, where the only hope is to get, as those chanting crowds repeated when they came out to "greet" a visiting Jacques Chirac a year or two ago: "Visa, Visa!"

What about black Africa? If you wish to see the traditional Arab Muslim treatment of black Africans, look at the 2 million dead over the past 20 years of scarcely uninterrupted warfare and genocide in the southern Sudan. If you wish to see the traditional Arab Muslim treatment of black African Muslims, prompted by the Arab supremacist ideology that Islam carries within it, and that does not admit of non-Arabs being as "fully Muslim" as the Arabs, look at Darfur, through the lenses even of Nicholas Kristof.

If you seek other examples, look at the unceasing pressure of Muslims in northern Nigeria on the Christians of southern Nigeria. Read again the Ahiara Declaration of Col. Ojukwu, in 1969, the leader of the Biafran Nation. Advanced Christians, chiefly but not entirely Ibo, sought independence as a way of protecting themselves from the "Jihad" (Col. Ojukwu's carefully-chosen word) being waged against them.

If you seek other evidence for what Islam, what Arabs, have meant for black Africa, do take a moment to read Willis on the Arab slavers of Africa, and the Arab slave trade that began earlier, and ended later (where it ended at all) in black Africa. Do read Jan Hogedoorn's article "The Hideous Trade" about the Arab slave trade, which was far more ruthless and genocidal in its effects -- for the Arabs liked particularly to seize young boys, who were castrated on the spot, and if they survived the initial primitive surgery, were forced to endure a long trip overland through the bush to arrive either by land or by dhow in one of the Muslim slave entrepots, Cairo or Jeddah or Muscat, Damascus or Baghdad or Constantinople or Algiers, or even distant Smyrna. Hogedoorn offers a complicated economic analysis of why the castration was done on the spot, which caused so many, on their subsequent forced march, to die. He estimates that only 10% of those castrated survived the trip in coffle or caravan to be sold in the Arab and Muslim slave-markets.

And while we are at it, let us remind ourselves that slavery was never really abolished, except in theory, in many Arab states. Tens of thousands of blacks still are enslaved in the Sudan, in Mali, in Mauritania -- and their masters are exclusively Muslim and Arab. Though slavery was officially abolished in Saudi Arabia, out of a desire to placate those pesky Infidels (before OPEC gave the Saudis the power to ignore them) in 1962, it continues still. This can be deduced from certain advertisements in the Saudi press (a kind of Saudi version of the Yankee Swap; a “young girl" will be traded for a "late-model American used car." What would a Yard Sale of cast-off slave girls look like?).

There never was a Muslim William Wilberforce. Slavery is in the Qur'an, and Muslim clerics in Saudi Arabia have expressly reasserted that slavery is right and just. They argue that it cannot be ended because it is part of the practice of Muhammad and His Companions, whose sayings, acts, and attitudes give Muslim believers the Sunna -- not merely a secondary source of Islamic doctrine, but one for many at least as important as the Qur'an.

Oh, one could go on all day about what Islam has done to Africa. But don't ask me. Ask a black, non-Muslim African -- one who has some direct experience, possibly by living in an Arab country, of what Islam is all about and what it has done to black Africa. You might find someone who remembers the slave-trade conducted from Zanzibar and Pemba, now part of Tanzania, where the Arab Muslims are again displaying their wonted master-race attitudes.

The Sudan was scarcely 10% Arab in 1900. Now it is at least 50%. How do you think this happened? Did the Dinka, did the Nuer, cease to have children? How did this demographic change take place? In West Africa, aside from the Sokoto Jihad, what caused Islam to expand at the expense of Christians? What caused a frightened Nigerian female journalist to suddenly leave her country a year or two ago, when during the Miss World brouhaha (Muslim protests, which caused the event to be moved) she mentioned Muhammad's appreciation for pulchritude, and received for her admittedly silly sally death threats in return?

Why did it take the French to finally end the slave trade in North Africa? And why was it -- see J. B. Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1795-1880 -- that only the British, using naval power (and staying carefully away from the interior of Arabia) managed to suppress the slave trade in East Africa, because not a single Muslim Arab had the slightest moral qualms about it -- nor does today? If it was good enough for Muhammad, if it is in the Qur'an, well then who is to object to slavery?

There is much more one could write. One could go on, and on. But this is more than enough to provide a little grist for a little mill, one that grinds exceeding slow -- but it does grind.

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Hugh:"...There is much more one could write. One could go on, and on."

Another fine article from Hugh. On another thread, someone said the Pope knew more about Islam than most people posting on this site. I wonder if the Pope could write daily, comprehensive articles on various Islamic issues as Hugh does? Has the Pope ever written/or read a comprehensive 'truth' book on Islam as has Robert? Does he wear a blue scarf as does Rebecca?
Write more Hugh...go on and on, your right on the money, minor details excepted.( no one is perfect).

I wonder what Nation of Islam Minister Louis Farrakhan and the New Black Panthers Supreme Military Commander Malik Zulu Shabbazz have to say about this lil' nuggets.

MOSLEM RACIST HYPOCRITE PREROGATE BIGOTED DISCRIMINATORY MOSLEM

I heard the Apostle say: ‘Whoever wants to see Satan should look at Nabtal!’ He was a black man with long flowing hair, inflamed eyes, and dark ruddy cheeks…. Allah sent down concerning him: 'To those who annoy the Prophet there is a painful doom.' [9:61] "Gabriel came to Muhammad and said, ‘If a black man comes to you his heart is more gross than a donkey’s.’"
--- Ishaq 243

MOSLEM RACIST HYPOCRITE PREROGATE BIGOTED DISCRIMINATORY MOSLEM

Allah’s Apostle said, ‘You should listen to and obey your ruler even if he is a black African slave whose head looks like a raisin.’
--- Bukhari V9B89N25

The black troops and slaves of the Meccans cried out and the Muslims replied, ‘Allah destroy your sight, you impious rascals.’
--- Ishaq 374

MOSLEM RACIST HYPOCRITE PREROGATE BIGOTED DISCRIMINATORY MOSLEM

The Prophet said, ‘Let the negro slave of Dinar perish. And if he is pierced with a thorn, let him not find anyone to take it out for him.... If he [the black slave] asks for anything it shall not be granted, and if he needs intercession [to get into paradise], his intercession will be denied.’
--- Bukhari V4B52N137

MOSLEM RACIST HYPOCRITE PREROGATE BIGOTED DISCRIMINATORY MOSLEM

After all that black leather glove fist pumping back in the 70s, could it be that Black Power will be attained by abject submission to the Arab?

Off topic, but I thought I'd post this and see if anyone has any insights. A good friend who is sympathetic to our cause discovered his website hacked this morning:
http://www.billydonburns.com/bdbguestbook.html

Can anyone translate?

It is absolutely amazing to me that any Black person would freely adopt Islam, considering that the spread of Islam in Africa has been through the most cruel forms of slavery imaginable.

Muslim apologist will point out that Christians and Jews practiced slavery but this is not equivalent. Christianity first spread in the Roman Empire by first granting Roman slaves the dignity and status of humanity. The Apostle Paul in his letter to Philemon upheld the dignity of the run-away slave Onesimus and exhorted Philemon to treat him as a brother.

It was under the direct influence of Christian theology that slavery was abolished throughout the world.

In Judaism also, the slave was protected. Exodus 21:2-11 defines the rights of the servant and while the Halacha recognizes the existence of slavery in the Torah it generally refers to temporary indentured servitude to one's creditor. However, the treatment of Jews towards their slaves was much more humane than that of the surrounding culture, for a key element of Judaism is to remember that Jews were once slaves in Egypt (in fact, this is the central theme of the holiday of Pesach).

The current Muslim slave trade in Sudan, Mauretania, Niger, Chechniya, and Saudi Arabia are an affront to humanity, not to mention the almost universal enslavement of women under Islam.

Proslovani:

It's been a while since I've looked at slavery under Judaism, but as I recall, indentured servitude was subject to a sabbatical year every seventh year and it didn't carry over through generations indefinitely -- in theory, at least. Don't know what was done in practice.

But so what. Neither Jews nor Christians keep slaves anymore, but slavery continues in some Muslim countries and is imported into the west under the radar. How the "left" has managed to cosy up to Islam in its knee-jerk "anti-imperialist" beliefs defies reason.

The left has chosen to cosy-up because they see ANY group who opposes United States policy as brave revolutionaries or downtrodden freedom fighters.

It doesnt matter the policies or methods of these groups, as long as they show a willingness to oppose America or the west, the left will glom onto them.

Dead Infidel Walking --I prefer Alive Infidels Walking--,

Leftism and Islam are both amoral belief-systems (as Hugh would say), and have a present and history of partnership, however possibly tactical, and then, still, until Islam takes over: in the Islamic Revolution in Iran, in where an alliace between Marxists and Islamists took place, the Marxists were remorselessly obliterated by the Islamists.

Hugh:
but what about Somalia? As far as I get it, Somalis have been Muslim since Islam's early days, as some of the "misunderstood" Medina Muslims migrated to the African Horn and spread their newfound faith there (isn't it funny, Islam has indeed been "misunderstood" since its very start). They are Black, they are fiercely Islamic, they have Arab names, and they seem to be seeing themselves as some sort of Arabs. And they hate passionately their Ethiopian Christian neighbours (along with everything Infidel, of course).

Do Arabs see Somalis as their equals? (Somehow I doubt it.) What's the relationship between Arabs and Somalis? Are Somalis just Muslim Africans trying desperately to be Arabs, or do some of them resent the Arab imperialism in the region? Somalis also brought slaves from the South, but set them free when they "reverted" to Islam. Can you enlighten us on this Eastern part of Africa too? Perhaps a subject for another essay?

waterdragon52:

You are correct about the limitation to seven years. Ex 21:2 "six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing"

Not to mention the writing of many of the Hebrew prophets condemning slavery.

Typical Hugh post bringing to mind the way Jack Kerouac wrote Mexico City Blues. Typing on a roll of teletype paper instead of individual sheets. Though Jack was jacked up on amphetamines while Hugh's vice is coffee

Hugh has the best cultural-historical literacy of anyone I've ever seen on the internet and can put words to electrons nearly instantaneously. Give Hugh a lead on Islam and he'll run with it. Thanks Hugh!

Hugh, there are some historical inaccuracies in your article. The Phoenician civilization was more or less wiped out by Romans at least a few hundred years before Arabs took over North Africa, and so was the Jewish that were sold into slavery by Romans.

Portraying North Africa as a place of thriving civilization destroyed by muslims or Arabs seem to be unfair. North Africa was indeed a place of great civilizations (Egypt, Morroco, Tunisia) before Roman empire, but was significantly destroyed by Roman conquests for hundreds of years, including the pillage of Alexanderia during Caesar, Caser's conquests in Tunisia, and the destruction of the library of Alexanderia by the order of Roman emperor Theodosius.

Centuries after muslim conquest, Morocco and Tunisia regained their status during the middle ages as centers of cvilization, trade and education. Morocco also benefit greatly from accepting the JEws that had been expelled from Spain and other parts of Europe between 13th and 15th century.

Pity the African Americans who are misled in the Prisons of the US by the Muslim Prison Imams.

Rebecca:
Did you see this message on the Thai jihadists post:

Rebecca,Laura Mansfield can translate and she has a link this site on her website which is http://www.lauramansfield.com/j/default.asp

Posted by: dms at January 11, 2006 10:29 AM

They are Black, they are fiercely Islamic, they have Arab names, and they seem to be seeing themselves as some sort of Arabs.

They're Abyssinians. They've got to come to grips with this fact or have their medallions pulled.

ALWAYS ANGRY ALWAYS AGGRIEVED ALWAYS BITTER ALWAYS MOSLEM ALWAYS

Before 2001, I never imagined that Arabs could be proud of being Arabs. It is beyond belief that others would aspire to be Arab.

The Saudis should fund an exchange program between Somalia and Pakistan. Self-congraulatory fakes congratulating other self-congraulatory fakes. Sounds like a cable access classic to me.

Rahel,

Though Somalis don't speak Arabic and aren't ethnically related to the Arabs of the Arabian peninsula, they are a component member of the Arab League. As a result of their bastardized ethnic/linguistic status (having nothing to do with politics de jour), they are historically the odd-man-out at Arab League summits.

"The Apostle Paul in his letter to Philemon upheld the dignity of the run-away slave Onesimus and exhorted Philemon to treat him as a brother."

Bullshit. The OT unrepentantly supports slavery, and Paul backs the OT without fear.

Colossians 3:22
Servants, obey in all things your masters according to the flesh; not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but in singleness of heart, fearing God.

The forgers of the Pastorals and 1 Peter thought so as well

1 Timothy 6:1
Let as many servants as are under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honour, that the name of God and his doctrine be not blasphemed.

Titus 2:9-10
Exhort servants to be obedient unto their own masters, and to please them well in all things; not answering again; Not purloining, but shewing all good fidelity; that they may adorn the doctrine of God our Saviour in all things.

1 Peter 2:18
Servants, be subject to your masters with all fear; not only to the good and gentle, but also to the froward.

Here servants are told to obey their masters even if they are being abused.

"It was under the direct influence of Christian theology that slavery was abolished throughout the world."

Again, total bullshit. Slavery continued under the Christian Roman Empire, and in the 4th century a bishop was seen as lenient for restricting whippings to 40 lashes for all his slaves.
If you are speaking of John Brown et al. in the US, I'd advise you read the excellent book Chesapeake to learn what it was like for groups like the Quakers who let the kindess of their humanity to overwhelm the cruelty of their Christianity. Verses like Titus 2:9-10 and 1 Peter 2:18 were constantly being cited against abolitionists by Southern apologists. In fact, slavery might have been banned much quicker were it not for the Bible. The Quakers and other anti-slavery "Christians" were constantly being frustrated by the fact that the Bible explicitly approves slavery, and the vast majority of Christians in their day saw it this day. "God hates slavery" rhetoric bounced about by abolitionists was just cover to try and gain popular support from a population linked to an ardently pro-slavery religion. Slavery was abolished in oppisition to Christianity, not because of it.

"North Africa was indeed a place of great civilizations (Egypt, Morroco, Tunisia) before Roman empire, but was significantly destroyed by Roman conquests for hundreds of years, including the pillage of Alexanderia during Caesar, Caser's conquests in Tunisia"

No, Africa prospered more than ever under the Romans. Morroco and Tunisia were vastly wealthy territories that continued to generate wealth well into the end of the Empire; they were only ruined by the Vandals. Some of the greatest scholarship and discovery was done under the Romans at Alexandria. Anyway the Library (and Alexandria- city of Aelander the Great) was created by the Greeks, not the Egyptians. As for

"the destruction of the library of Alexanderia by the order of Roman emperor Theodosius."

You are mistaken on several counts. For one thing, the Library was not destroyed by the Christian Emperor Theodosius, but by Bishop Theophillus. It would also be worthy to note that one of the greatest philosophers of Alexandria, and the first woman mathametician in history, Hypatia, was killed by his predecessor Cyril and his lackey Peter the Reader- he skin peeled off with oyster shells (or potshards- the Greek word ostracia can mean either) and the rest of her burned alive by a Christian mob, all for being a pagan. Anyway, the library was destroyed because it was attatched to the Serapeum, a world famous pagan temple in Alexandria. The pagans had rioted after aggresive moves by the city's Christians, and, after intense street-fighting ended by the intercession of Imperial troops, had barricaded themselves into the Serapeum. It is interesting to note that the pagans were offered safe passage out because the Christians who had died fighting the infidels on the streets of Alexandria were martyrs, who had gone straight to paradise. The pagans refused, and the army (along with the mob) broke down the barricades, entered the temple, killed all the pagans they could, and destroyed the centuries old art treasures residing within. The books were,in the words of the Christian chornicler Orosius "emptied [from their storage places] by our own men, in our own time." We are not told what happened to the books, but considering the violence done to the temple, it could not have been good.

"North Africa was indeed a place of great civilizations (Egypt, Morroco, Tunisia) before Roman empire, but was significantly destroyed by Roman conquests for hundreds of years, including the pillage of Alexanderia during Caesar, Caser's conquests in Tunisia, and the destruction of the library of Alexanderia by the order of Roman emperor Theodosius."

"Morocco also benefit greatly from accepting the Jews that had been expelled from Spain and other parts of Europe between 13th and 15th century."
-- from a posting above

The Jews living in their mellahs throughout the Magrib (including present-day Morocco, but essentially all of North Africa west of Libya)were hardly contributing to some lively convivencia. Where is the evidence for that? The fanaticism of the Almohades, who had crossed into Spain, were responsible for the ultimate destruction of Christianity throughout the Maghreb, and were also responsible for massacres of Jews in Fez, and there was a Muslim inquisition directed at Jews who had converted to Islam but were not believed. It was because of the Almohad inquisition that Maimonides, who had to save his life had first pretended to convert to Islam (for in that place and time the "protected peoples" were left distinctly unprotected) and then to flee in 1147 all the way to Cairo, and the Fatimid dynasty under Saladin. Jews of Morocco began to breath, freely or quasi-freely, only when the French arrived. The same was true in Algeria with the 1870 loi Cremieux, making them subject to French law rather than the law of the Muslims.

As for Ifriqiya (i.e.Tunisia), which was of course part of the Maghrib, the one figure who stands out from the period of Muslim rule is the historian Ibn Khaldun and his Muqaddimah. But he is a one figure. Who else do you have in mind? What examples of a great cultural flourishing in Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria? Where? When?

You say that the Romans destroyed North Africa. Did they? When did St. Augustine live or his mother Monica? When did Tertullian live? When did North Africa cease to be a bread-basket for the Roman Empire, and why?

Charles-Andre Julien should tell you more, in his "Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord" (2 volumes).

The Arabs had never been farmers. It was regarded as a task unworthy of the noble Arab, fit only for non-Arabs. See Xavier de Planhol, who in his study of agriculture under Islam, notes that the Muslim Arabs were not much interested in keeping up the irrigation systems that the Romans had brought to North Africa. Surely you haven't forgotten the aqueducts, or who built them, and who allowed them to fall into desuetude, all over the lands which they conquered -- save for one exception, Spain, where the non-Muslim presence no doubt contributed to a different outcome.

North African civilization, its agriculture, its cities, its cultural artifacts, reached its summit under the Romans. Nor was it the Romans who destroyed the Christian civilization that followed, and that at least did not lead to the destruction of what the Romans had left, if nothing material was built upon it. It was the Muslim invaders, who destroyed Christiianity, and the Roman civilization, or what was left of it, that had preceded Christianization. Do you think the people of North Africa, the civilization of North Africa, would have been worse or better off, had Christianity not largely disappeared until the French came in 1830?

Along with Xavier de Planhol, you might read Charles-Andre Julien's "Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord" (2 volumes or Robert Brunschwig or Fagnan and other French scholars who, a century ago, in Algeria, that is to say Algerie (francaise). See if any of it changes your mind, especially now, when the French are being asked to denounce their own, well-named, “mission civilisatrice” which made, for a brief period, the peoples of the Maghreb better off in every conceivable way. Few of the local Muslims may have realized it at the time, for they could not possibly admit that the rule of Infidels over Muslims could be anything but baleful, and now they are being joined, apparently, by some French people, who for political reasons are allowing or forcing themselves to misremember the many achievements of France in North Africa -- the universities, the hospitals, the cities built and maintained -- merely in order to placate Muslims now settled by the millions in France. There should be no compromise with that truth, whatever reaction it elicits from Muslims who will, in any case, never be satisifed unless there are changes not only in the version of history presented, but in the laws, customs, manners, and understandings of the French, and the artifacts of its civilization, which could never have been produced within the world of Islam, or by those whose ideas of art, science, and freedom are so extraordinarily limited.

Julian,

In response to my statement: "The Apostle Paul in his letter to Philemon upheld the dignity of the run-away slave Onesimus and exhorted Philemon to treat him as a brother."

You wrote: "Bullshit. The OT unrepentantly supports slavery, and Paul backs the OT without fear."

I challenge you to actually read the Epistle to Philemon where Paul sends the runaway Onesimus back to Philemon's house with these words: "For perhaps he departed for a while for this purpose, that you might receive him forever, no longer as a slave but more than a slave -a beloved brother" (Philemon vs. 15-16).

The early Church recognized the fact of slavery and did not militantly oppose it directly, but undermined the philosophy which allowed slavery to exist because all are made in God's image. The foundation of slavery is destroyed when both servant and master become brothers in Christ: "there is neither slave nor free" (Gal. 3:28).

Paul used the analogy of slavery to represent sin, thus showing the underlying wrongness of both: "It is for freedom that Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened again by a yoke of slavery." (Galatians 5:1)

Even here, the early Christians were well within their Jewish inheritance which relies not just on Torah but of the whole of the Tanakh, especially the prophets whose continual theme was the struggle for justice and a preferential option for the poor and oppressed.

"Is not this the fast that I choose:
to loose the bonds of injustice,
to undo the thongs of the yoke,
to let the oppressed go free,
and to break every yoke?" (Isaiah 58:6)

Julian, you responded to my statement that it was under the direct influence of Christian theology that slavery was abolished throughout the world with the same expletive and "it was like for groups like the Quakers who let the kindess of their humanity to overwhelm the cruelty of their Christianity"

This is deaad wrong! By the time of the early Middle Ages, chattel slvary had almost ceased to exist in Europe, replaced by a feudal system of mutual covenants. On the other hand, unknown thousands of Christian men, women and children were enslaved by Muslim privateers operating in the Mediterranean Sea.

It was only with the coming of the Age of Exploration that Europeans began to again possess slaves starting with the inhabitants of the first European outposts in Africa. This re-establishment of slavery brought an immediate condemnation from the Catholic Church.

On January 13, 1435, Pope Eugene IV issued the bull Sicut Dudum condemned the enslavement of the black natives of the newly colonized Canary Islands off the coast of Africa.

"They have deprived the natives of their property or turned it to their own use, and have subjected some of the inhabitants of said islands to perpetual slavery (subdiderunt perpetuae servituti), sold them to other persons and committed other various illicit and evil deeds against them.... Therefore We ... exhort... the Christian faithful of whatever state, grade or condition, that they themselves desist from the aforementioned deeds, cause those subject to them to desist from them, and restrain them rigorously. And no less do We order and command all and each of the faithful of each sex that, within the space of fifteen days of the publication of these letters in the place where they live, that they restore to their pristine liberty all and each person of either sex who were once residents of said Canary Islands ... who have been made subject to slavery (servituti subicere). These people are to be totally and perpetually free and are to be let go without the exaction or reception of any money."

Pope Paul III in Sublimis Deus (June 2, 1537), forbade any slavery in the Catholic realms and ordered the end of any enslavement or oppression, particularly of Indians, regardless of their religion:

"by our Apostolic Authority decree and declare by these present letters that the same Indians and all other peoples-even though they are outside the faith... should not be deprived of their liberty or of their possessions. Rather they are to be able to use and enjoy this liberty and this ownership of property freely and licitly, and are not to be reduced to slavery, and that whatever happens to the contrary is to be considered null and void."

It is clear that the advance from an ancient world based on a univeral economy of slavery to a civilization which recognizes the dignity of every human person is due almost exclusively to the influence of Judaism and Christianity.

Slavery existed in Europe during classical antiquity, as it did everywhere outside Europe. But from about 500 A.D. to 1500 A.D., it was slowly extinguished within Western Christendom. Slavery continued to be practiced within the Islamic world, for it is justified both by the Qur'an and by the practice of Muhammad, and cannot be changed. When the Muslim raiders began to successfully raid the coasts of Western Europe, or conducted raiding parties on the Slavic tribes, and of course continued to pluck from black Africa, on slaving expeditions, young males, castrated on site, for use as eunuchs in the harems that were not limited to the rulers, as some Westerners still appear to believe.

Slavery did begin to be practiced again by Western Christians. Why this happened deserves examination. Was it simply that the opportunity presented itself? Was it that the Spanish who first conquered the New World, and who enslaved the Indians, were behaving only naturally, or were they influenced by the enemy against whom they had fought the Reconquista which lasted for 500 years -- the Muslims, and the doctrines about slavery which the Spanish must have known about?

A discussion of slavery in classcial antiquity, and then its disappearance, and then reapparance after a thousand years, in Western Christendom (it never disappeared from everywhere else it was practiced) is discussed by Regine Peyroux in "Those Terrible Middle Ages!"

discussed by Regine Peyroux in "Those Terrible Middle Ages!"

Are you sure of the spelling of that name? I Googled Regine Peyroux Middle Ages to no avail.

It's PERNOUD.

Sorry. Madeleine Peyroux was in my brain. When your book is done, Dr. Pepper, I trust every lead, every reference, every idea already spelled out in certain postings here, will be duly recognized, right? The research isn't being done for nothing.

Exceedingly fine post... even exceeding fine...

I'm thinking of a work of fiction dealing with all of this material from the viewpoint of the Arab overlord... It would start thus:

"I had a fair harem in Africa..."

(As in "I had a farm in Africa..." -- get it?)







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