Ayatollah Mohammad Imami-Kashani says that the Islamic Republic of Iran is founded upon Islam. So this bloody and repressive regime is an example of what Islamic law brings to a country? Surely then the Ayatollah Mohammad Imami-Kashani must be a misunderstander of Islam! For if Iran really were built upon Islam, it would be peaceful and tolerant, not genocide-minded, threatening, authoritarian, and violent -- right? Right?
"Cleric warns of plots against Islamic establishment," from the Tehran Times, October 31:
A leading Iranian cleric has warned against the enemy's plots to damage the Islamic establishment and called for proper counter measures to be taken.""We must identify where the enemy seeks to penetrate the Islamic establishment and then counter it,"" said Tehran's Interim Friday Prayers Leader Ayatollah Mohammad Imami-Kashani.
He touched upon Iran's great achievements in different fields saying, ""We must realize that aside from enemy media outlets, the rest of the world supports the Islamic and scientific movements in Iran.""
""When science is founded upon faith and Islam, no one will be able to stop it,"" added the cleric.
""History has shown that the Islamic civilization, which incorporates science, faith and effort, was taking over the world, when certain parties stepped in and laid claim to the achievements of Muslims. They proclaimed themselves as the owners of the world and enslaved Muslim countries,"" he said.
Those darn Zionists. That little sliver that comprises Israel is a splinter in the foot of the Islamic world, hobbling it when otherwise it would be "taking over the world"!
""The Islamic establishment and the Islamic Republic is an establishment built upon the foundation of Islam...and it has made achievements,"" he added.Ayatollah Kashani, who serves as a member of the Assembly of Experts, went on ot say that ""it is a pity to see that the rapidly-developing Islamic civilization, which the world has its eyes on, questioned.""
""Criticism that is intended to help make progress is good, but views that are expressed to belittle (the) others are not acceptable in any way.""
"Criticism that is intended to help make progress is good, but views that are expressed to belittle others are not acceptable in any way."
Ah, so that's the standard for public discourse & free speech now. Not only can't we say things that "belittle" or "defame," but anything you say must help strengthen Islam.
As for Islamic Iranian "achievements," I suppose that includes killing our soldiers in Iraq, funneling money to terrorist groups to kill Jews in Israel, killing their own Iranian people in the streets for protesting sham elections, developing nuclear weapons against international law, etc.
Yet we're still going to sit down & negotiate with these people?
Ayatollah Kashani, who serves as a member of the Assembly of Experts, went on ot say that ""it is a pity to see that the rapidly-developing Islamic civilization, which the world has its eyes on, questioned.
I THINK hes really saying is you must be good little dhimni and not question your betters (betters in his eyes)
""Criticism that is intended to help make progress is good, but views that are expressed to belittle (the) others are not acceptable in any way."" - Tehran radio
So does "Death to Israel! Death to America!" represent criticism intended to help make progress good? Are these people totally brain dead? Islam brings humanity down to its lowest possible level, at which it ceases to be human. Islam is death of the human soul.
other Iranian Achievments include:
American Embassy takeover
the funnelling of arms and explosives to Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq, Yemen, and others.
the capture of those dreadful spy squirrels
the systematic capture and executions of dissidents, gays, and others who are "undesirable"
the rapid identification of Israel who "released attack snakes into Gaza to hunt down Muslims"
the not so secret plans to use nuclear weapons against mankind.
draconian dress codes enforced by the "Islamic religious police"
the use of the "Islamic religious police" to infiltrate Muslim homes and businesses to find people conducting "illegal Islamic activities"...those found to be Conducting " illegal Islamic activities" are imprisoned, tortured and often executed..
the funnelling of vast amounts of money to finance numerous Jihad groups dedicated to killing Christians and other non Muslims.
One begins to understand the Islamic achievements of the grand state of Iran...
Islamic Science: The world is flat. Mountains are pegs that hold land masses in place.
Islamic Medical Science: Camel piss is a panacea for all ills. FGM--No, excuse me--Female "circumscision" keeps women from becoming sexually depraved.
'Nuff said.
Who said "there is no fun in islam"?
Just to read this article is proof that yes, there is lots of fun! Diatribes! Tongue twisting! Mind bending! Why, islam's circus is arguably The Biggest Show on (flat) earth!
[quote]""History has shown that the Islamic civilization, which incorporates science, faith and effort,""[/quote]
Science:
* It is a known fact that islam sect, ["Faith"] in its 1400 of plagiarized Persian Zoroastrism and Jewish Torah by their sweating "profet", has translated no more than one thousand books into arabic...
* It is a known fact that the so called "arabic numerals" are not their creation, but was rather borrowed from far eastern cultures (Hindu, a six-thousand years-old Culture subject to constant islam ["effort"] to be eradicated), including the revolutionary concept of "zero".
* It is a known fact that even the arab navigational skills were thoroughly surpassed by the Portuguese and Europeans, after Vasco da Gama found the way to the Indies. [quote]"Since (1948), arab navigation in the Indian Ocean has undergone a slow decline. Other nations have come with steam-driven and oil-driven ships, passin through the Suez Canal to India, the East Indies, or Australia. But the Arab seamen of Quwayt and Aden still make their way to India and East Africa under sail. They have even forgotten what they knew, for their navigational knowledge is no longer sufficiente to allow them to venture far from the coasts." (Arab Seafaring, George F. Hourani, Princeton University Press, 1951) [/quote]
[quote]""History has shown that the Islamic civilization (?), was taking over the world, when certain parties stepped in and laid claim to the achievements of Muslims. [/quote]
Yes, hordes of horse-riding arab assassins (word derived from "hashish", which the arab marauders smoked before) storming every village and town they could find, killing, maiming, raping and enslaving us "infidels"… is this "civilization"? Oh, yeah, Persians are not arabs, but then again, Persia was invaded and raped by arabs, who were never flushed back like in Vienna, in 1683…
As for the "achievements" of the muslims… well, read my points above. But then again, since muslims are as delusional as to claim that everything that went in the world before "that man" concocted his Zoroastrian/Torah soup is actually "Islamic" (from Abraham to the Rabbi Yehoshua to Hillary Clinton, Joe Six-Pack and hummus), we better follow the doctor's advice and not to contradict the patient, else he may go into a rage surge…
[quote] They proclaimed themselves as the owners of the world and enslaved Muslim countries,"" he said. [/quote]
That is becoming stale already. We were here before (way before) them. They come, trounce, conquer by sword, and then complain when the "victims" fight back…
Why, now that the west is rapidly moving to a post-oil era, the arab world claims to be undeveloped (our fault? Or their carelessness, lack of vision, medieval suzerains-vassals mind?) and demand that the we paid them for their "faltering oil income". Come on! Porrrr Favorrrr!
There is very revealing testimonial that shows the hypocrisy in Islam titled:Journey through Islam:A former
convert's testimony of leaving Islam.
This guy lives in Canada,not in a Muslim country,but has
received threats.
The site is :khalis.wordpress.com
Off point but sort of:
Best Hillary Clinton quote ever:
LAHORE: Clinton told senior Pakistani newspaper editors in Lahore, AFP reported. “The percentage of taxes on GDP (in Pakistan) is among the lowest in the world... We (the United States) tax everything that moves and doesn’t move, and that’s not what we see in Pakistan,” she said.
Don't miss the photo attached that shows Hillary ditching the pantsuits in favor of head scarf and a Madeleine Albright signature----wild whatthehellistan outfit praying in a mosque. It is not to be missed by any serious Jihadwatch.org reader!
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/print.asp?page=2009\10\30\story_30-10-2009_pg1_1
Next thing you know, they'll be claiming Moh invented the Internet too:
"But it's true! Can't you see? He sat there talking to himself, then other people wrote it down and spread the writing about! It's exactly what the Internet does!"
"The Islamic establishment and the Islamic Republic is an establishment built upon the foundation of Islam...and it has made achievements," he added.
................
Ah—yes, the great "achievements" of the Islamic Republic of Iran. These morons can't even figure out how to refine their own oil, and so have constant fuel shortages in a country flush with crude.
more:
"History has shown that the Islamic civilization, which incorporates science, faith and effort, was taking over the world, when certain parties stepped in and laid claim to the achievements of Muslims. They proclaimed themselves as the owners of the world and enslaved Muslim countries,"" he said.
................
I think this is a reference to "Crusader Colonialists", rather than "Zionists" per se--but this is a small distinction. What Kashani means is that when the West hit the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and, finally—the scientific and industrial revolutions—that the the Muslim world, which relied largely on savagery and brute force, could no longer compete.
But if Iran gets the bomb—through stealing from the West, and buying information and expertise from others who have stolen from the West—such as Pakistan, Russia, and China—that they can scare the West into doing its bidding—like the good little dhimmis they always knew us to be.
Which University did all these "great" muslims graduate from? University of Islam .... no wait... they were all graduates from Western Universities... no wait we aren't capable of doing anything smart, we are all Satan's kiddos
GrimReaperxxx, regarding Sec. Clinton's quote, "We (the United States) tax everything that moves and doesn’t move, and that’s not what we see in Pakistan," that IS quite a statement!
Imagine if in America we imposed a 2½ religious-based obligatory tax annually on everybody's wealth (not their income, their wealth), then through incompetence, malfeasance, or both, the tax collectors couldn't account for billions of what was collected. That's precisely what has happened IN PAKISTAN with state-administered zakat tax collections!!
Because these wacky mullah’s are always so circumspect, he might actually be refereeing to Saudi criticism:
http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1256740786871&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull
The Hajj is coming up and the House of Saud is flexing its’ political muscle. Seems the sandbox is getting a little too small for the man-boy love in.
Because these wacky mullah’s are always so circumspect, he might actually be refereeing to Saudi criticism:
http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1256740786871&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull
The Hajj is coming up and the House of Saud is flexing its’ political muscle. Seems the sandbox is getting a little too small for the man-boy love in.
=== ""When science is founded upon faith and Islam, no one will be able to stop it,"" ===
The Nobel Prize Committee has just announced that the next combined Nobel Prize for Science, Peace & Human Right will be granted to the " Basij Laboratories in the Institute of the Revolutionary Science and Technology in Teheran "! The astonishing achievement made by the Basij Scientists has spared the agony from thousands of homosexuals in Iran in a blink of an eye. The technique was tested on Baha'is, Zoroastrians Christians and other LOW LIVES with fantastic results ! Minor adjustment to the procedure are necessary in order to turn this Cosmic scientific breakthrough an universal Islamic remedy for all human sufferings including the eradication of " The Big Satan " ( and small one!..) from the face of the earth!
Since no significant scientific discoveries are possible in the future, The Nobel Prize committee is proud to declare, that the Committee will disperse itself by using the newly discovered " The Ultimate Snake Oil From Teheran " !
Stellar achievements of Islam.......
Being the best there is at beheading infidels.
Unsurpassed at stoning, whipping and abusing their own women.
True professionals at education..... boys only..... and only to hate.
""History has shown that the Islamic civilization, which incorporates science, faith and effort,...
Wait a minute... Since when do plundering, pillaging, raiding and slavery have anything to do with effort? And how does mahoundian "civilization" incorporates science? Just as the KKK incorporates racial equality and brotherhood? That's got to be it...
Pigman responds....
The Muslim world was SO powerful that it allowed "certain parties" to enslave them. And these achievements he alludes to are? If they weren't so dangerous, they'd only be laughingstocks, which is WHY they're dangerous.
What other religion has to constantly sing its own praises as Islam does? The more Muslims talk about the greatness of Islam the more it looks like they're defensive and subconsciously aware that Islam is parasitical, not productive.
Islam screws up the brain. And in so many ways. Ad nauseam bragging is just one of them. Yet again we see what a pain in the ass Islam is to all the world.
As far as I know, it is only Islam which has claimed to be "owners of the world". I don't think the European colonizers were quite as crass as that, were they?
Iranian achievements? Like giving grief to everyone in the World. With half their population sprinkled on for seasoning.
So like a Mother who still praises her mass murdering Son because at least he did something well.
Pray the Iranian achievements show themselves during the Hajj.
It helps to have a few new episodes of the Family Feud to go along with the re-runs. Especially when every episode builds up frequent flier miles.
"When science is founded upon faith and Islam..."
...will spell the end of science.
Grim,
That picture (in the link) was purely and entirely disgusting!
Thanks. HRC is a complete shill for the bastard muhammadins.
Ah! for the good old days, when Saddam Hussein and the Ayatollah were pummeling each other in the Iran-Iraq war. So many martyrs, and no taxpayer subsidies. Maybe those days can come back again.
"the enemy seeks to penetrate the Islamic establishment"
"the rapidly-developing Islamic civilization, which the world has its eyes on"
"enemy media outlets"
Iran's been crazy paranoid since the casio digital watch. I think all this talk about "countering" will start around 800km overhead, when they start shooting at satellites. I think they'll make it about free speech/zero criticism of Islam and expect a big showdown where they get to mess up global telecommunications and get away with it.
Earlier this year Ahmedinejad said "Iran's presence in space with the aim of expanding monotheism, peace and justice"
Here’s a furtherance of what the threat of bring islamic law to a country can do. The October Choudry sponsored Zombie march for Sharia in the UK pitted the UAF wing against the EDL in counter protest, which proved once again which side is violently motivated:
“Minor scuffles broke out between police and protestors as Unite Against Fascism (UAF) activists tried to reach the EDL supporters at City Square.”
http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/Leeds-Rival-demonstrators-kept-apart.5784452.jp
And since even the Dhimmi BBC published the same story with the UAF gettin’ all uppity against fascist by acting like fascists, it must be true.
Here the leftist labour “Workers Liberty” union promotes more than mere civil disobedience by defying Police control for the same event:
http://www.workersliberty.org/story/2009/10/31/english-defence-league-rally-and-march-leeds-we-need-movement-stop-them
And in this piece, knowing far to well the preponderance to violence as preached in islam, young muslims are asked to stay away by Dhimmi Chief Superintendent Mark Milsom because they “"might feel threatened and be tempted into attending".” As if they’re not responsible for their own actions and the EDL are really causing all the trouble.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_yorkshire/8334808.stm
And finally, this lovely bit at the end of this piece at “The Muslim News:”
“However, a spokesman for UAF told The Muslim News EDL’s denial of being Islamophobic was hollow when closely scrutinised. “If you actually look at their website the reality is they use the word jihadist for almost any Muslim, for almost anybody who actually speaks out about almost anything whatsoever is a jihadist.”
Since when is Jihad a bad word in islam?
http://www.muslimnews.co.uk/paper/index.php?article=4347
And here Lord Malcom Pearson of Rannoch, House of Lords UK speaks about the ticking clock as the UK speeds up its march to becoming an Islamic Republic:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY9AtWYUAAI&feature=player_embedded
Time for the UK to start its’ own counter measures, but even Lord Pearson doesn’t seem to know what to do. Oh those dithering politicos…
More fantasy from the Ayatollah Mohammad Imami-Kashani of Iran.
When will his fiction novel be released? Oh yeah, Dar al Islam never got around to inventing the printing press, and since Arabic is the BESTEST language EVER it won't be translated into English.
Needless to say all books must be written by hand, with ink stolen from India. Oh yeah and forget about a time-line, They haven't gotten around to inventing a reliable clock, nor have they determined how to measure longitude. (Sarc)
Really though, the man does have a vivid imagination, if only thinking and earnestly believing such fantasy could make it real. :)
I await for more amusing "antidotes" from the Demented Supreme Leader.
Accurately assessed, Eastview. Very.
Thank You Grim Reaper XXX for that link.
What a Picture
Taqyiaa at its Utmost,including her being "shown as Equal" to the men,especially the IMAM.
And SO FITTING on Halloween.
.
Really. Hilary Clinton "praying" in a mosque with a bunch of Muslims, and wearing the obligatory headscarf.
Good God, no wonder they have no fear of us.
I just saw this comment on another site:
"I've actually thought about converting to Islam, but I don't know much about explosives."
Just says it all, doesn't it?
I liked this one, too:
"Allah is merciful and we'll cut your head off."
Again, says it all, doesn't it?
And here's our Secretary of State, prostituting herself, and by extension, America, to the Islamic savages.
It is a sign of inferiority. You can also note the pseudo-scholarly works that are occasionally cited by Islamists here that go beyond the absurd. It is not only a matter of claiming credit for what the West has done, but appropriating what the Indians and Chinese have accomplished as their own achievments. You would have to go back to the Stalin or Mao regimes to see such fallacious claims made, and even in those cases the claims were not as encompassing. Islam is a totalitarian system that cannot accept anything good or worthwhile outside of itself, and thus must claim that what is outside of itself is either Muslim in origin or worthless trash. It is a closed and brittle system that cannot survive any serious contradiction, and thus must ignore or suppress what it deems to be unsatisfactory or dangerous. It is rather like Juche in North Korea, only with a god(Mohammed)at its center.
This stupid bitch certainly recited the words:
ašhadu ʾanna laa ilāha illa (A)llāh, wa ʾašhadu ʾanna Muḥammada(n) rasūlo (A)llāh
Guaranteed the bitch HRC said the Shahada in a mosque, surrounded by zombie males, in a hostile land.
Just to please them.
Boneshack, are you sure HRC recited the shahada or are you speculating? I did a cursory scan of the web to see if there were clips of this, as certainly such would have been triumphantly spread around if it actually happened. I can't believe even she is so naive and ignorant as not to know the implications, especially in that particular venue. If true, it is beyond outrageous and she should be publicly held to account for it. It's bad enough for her to don the Islamic garments of submission, and not even particularly fashionable ones at that, but this would be completely beyond the pale.
Like Eastview, boneshack, I am stunned by your claim (not doubting it, just can't find confirmation of it after a cursory attempt) that Clinton recited the Shahada. I will add that being a lawyer myself I know only too well that most lawyers, while bright, are not terribly knowledgeable about many topics that they should be knowledgeable of (like history and religious thought). It's just possible that good ole' Hillary insouciantly mouthed the words not knowing what kind of impact such a recitation would have on Muslims worldwide. After all, schoolchildren in America have had to don Arab apparel and re-enact scenes from the early days of Islam which clueless teachers and the ever clueless ACLU think merely has to do with acting out historical events.
A teeny bit OT, but in following the Mark Steyn/Ezra Levant free speech travails and battles with the Canada Human Rights Commission (*another* "HRC'!!), I came across this highly interesting, but deeply disturbing report of the depths to which the British FCO has sunk in cosy-ing up to Islam:
http://www.standpointmag.co.uk/node/2310/full
More on topic, an old but highly readable, cogent refutation of "science" in the Koran, well worth the read, by Robert Carrier:
http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/richard_carrier/islam.html
Darcy: which site did you see those posts?
Ayatollah Mohammad Imami-Kashani says that the Islamic Republic of Iran is founded upon Islam.
That's obvious...The Prophet Isa said that 'By their fruits you shall know them'...It would seem that Islam, in Iran and elsewhere, has a lot of fruits...Most of it's rotten...You not only can see it, if you are in close proximity, you can smell it...
I suggest Iran drop the doctrine of Satan and become Christian, Western, and adopt true scientific reasoning.
I am not being critical, just trying to help the Ayatollah out of the 7th century.
Eastview and Wellington:
I'm just speculating and being sarcastic. I'm sure she did NOT recite the zombie cult membership curse.
The picture (in Choi's link) sure makes you wonder, though.
Well, good sarcasm, but you know, boneshack, since Hillary hasn't really ever gotten anything right, from reforming health care under her hubby to advising him not to settle with Paula Jones to running a pretty miserable Presidential campagin, one should never overestimate her. She's capable of almost any incompetency.
Whew, you had me going, too, boneshack. Echoing Wellington, her judgment is so faulty on so many issues that we would not have been surprised if she had actually seen fit to recite the Shahada to complement her wearing of that thing on her head.
Actually, re. science: at least one 6th-century AD Hellenic Christian was waaay ahead of his time.
'No pagan theorist ever put forward a critique of the principles of ancient Greek natural philosophy as thorough or as ingenious as that of the sixth-century Christian John Philoponus. He not only argued against the immutability of the stars, but (even more outrageously) denied that the terrestrial and celestial regions possessed distinct natures.
"That the heavens above the moon are eternal, that their substance is the incorruptible 'quintessence' ether, that the stars possess spiritual intelligence, and that all the celestial bodies belong to a divine realm immune to the decay, imperfection and transience of the world here below - all of this was part of the firm and unalterable picture of reality which practically every Greek scientist, philosopher or educated layman devoutly adhered. In fact, even as late as 1572, when Tycho observed a nova in the constellation of Cassiopeia, the realization that the heaven of the fixed stars could suffer change, was a severe probation of the settled convictions of most educated men.
"Philophonus, however, argued that one could deduce from certain variances among the fixed stars themselves that they are mutable objects, composed not of imperishable ether and divine intellect but of corruptible matter, and that they once came into existence and one day will perish like other material objects; the sun, he said, consists in fire, of the same basic substance as earthly fire' and he argued that the appearance of changelessness in the heavens is the effect merely of the immense temporal and spatial distances of cosmic movement.
"For him - being a Christian - the entire universe was the creature of God, and the terrestrial and celestial realms alike were part of one natural order governed by the same rational laws.
'And so it was no great trial of faith...to deny the divinity of the night sky, which is to say, Philoponus was able to cast off metaphysical dogma and apply himself to a rigorous reconsideration of the science of his time, not despite but because of his Christianity and his consequent impatience for any 'superstitious' confusion between material objects and gods.
"He also hypothesised that the space above the atmosphere might be a vacuum.
"He argued, against Aristotle, that light moves...
"and, most important, perhaps, he rejected the Aristotelian dynamic theory of motion and proposed in its place a theory of kinetic impetus.
"Philophonus' reflections on motion were, in fact, considered by *(without having much effect upon)* {my emphasis - dda} Islamic thinkers such as ibn Bajja (c. 1095-1138) {hmm - is anyone here surprised? Muslims doing nothing with a new and interesting idea - dda} and then were passed on to Christian scholastic thought, where they were taken up, defended, or corrected by the likes of Bradwardine, Swineshead, Buridan, and Oresme".
(Now for the kicker - dda):
"Indeed, if one is really passionately attached to the idea of alternating ages of intellectual light and darkness, one might well argue that in the sixth century in Alexandra a scientific revolution in physics and cosmology had begun to stir, taking the form of a skeptical Christian reappraisal of Aristotelian science and of the 'divine essence' of pagan thought; and when Olympiodorus the pagan head of the Alexandrian Academy was succeeded by Christian commentators on Aristotle, this revolution seemed set to continue indefinitely;
*but then the seventh-century Muslim conquest of Egypt* {my emphasis - dda} brought an end to the Alexandrian academic tradition and plunged science into six centuries of an Islamo-Hellenic 'dark ages'".
(David Bentley Hart, "Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies", ch. 6, The Death and Rebirth of Science, pp. 69-70.
Thank you for sharing this, DDA. It looks like a very interesting book that will help in appreciating the full extent of what was lost when the Saracens pillaged the ancient world. It is entirely conceivable that we could have reached the moon a full thousand or more years ago, and explored our solar system and even other stellar systems, even be navigating the galactic seas by now, had the light of learning in Alexandria not been snuffed out by Amr ibn al-'As in the defeat of Byzantine Egypt in 642 CE.
Dude that is the sadest thing i ever heard. I meen realy, is that the best you could come up with. Your realy just LOW!
Ya why not, i mean its not like the church rejects science, evolution. It wasent the church that killed hundreads of free thinkers, it was the church that developed the astrolab, chemestry, algebra, and geometry. Oh! Wait, i forgot it was the muslims that study those! Sorry! Forgot that while the church was in the dark ages, islam was prospering and creating sciences you people probobly never got to.
Our newest Mohammedan poster, 'proveit', makes the usual stereotypical claim for supposed scientific superiority of Islam and also repeats the tiresome myth that the Church was always and everywhere hostile to science.
A brisk demolition of the latter myth may be found in a long chapter 'the death and birth of science', in the first half of the book by D B Hart, 'Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies, to which I have already referred for the story of John Philophonus; but a full treatment of the subject, and at the same time, a demolition of the myth of Islam's supposed hospitality to science and invention, may be found in the work of two historians of science, Rodney Stark and Toby Huff.
See also this jihadwatch thread, from 2005, featuring an article entitled 'Hyping Islam's Role in the History of Science':
http://www.jihadwatch.org/2005/07/hyping-islam-s-role-in-the-history-of-science.html