The establishment of the State of Israel was considered to have made the Jews kaffir harbi, Infidels at war with Islam, whose contract of protection (dhimma) was thus revoked. These expulsions and killings followed. “November Is the Cruelest Month,” by Lyn Julius in (of all places) the Huffington Post, November 25: To paraphrase TS Eliot, … Continue reading What happened to the Jews who lived in Muslim lands?