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Hugh Fitzgerald: Pope Francis: Islam and Christianity Share “the Idea of Conquest”

May 19, 2016 12:45 pm By Hugh Fitzgerald

Pope Francis prays with Istanbul's grand mufti during visit to Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Turkey

Pope Francis continues to astonish. He has just said, in an interview with the French Catholic paper La Croix, that “the idea of conquest is inherent to the soul of Islam.” As far as his understanding of Islam goes, this is a marked improvement over his disturbing statement, back in November 2013, that the “Koran is a book of peace” and “Islam is a peaceful religion.” Now he at last recognizes – how could he not, after yet another year of Muslim bombs and bloodletting all over the place? – that Islam has something to do with “conquest,” that is, spreading Islam by conquering non-Muslim lands. He must have been doing some reading, possibly even learning more about the life and works of that prophet and warlord, Muhammad.

But then, remembering to act as advocate for Islam, he immediately supplies a preposterous Tu Quoque against Christianity (and thus against himself), claiming that “it is also possible to interpret the objective of Matthew’s Gospel, where Jesus sends his disciples to all nations, in terms of the same idea of conquest.” The “same idea of conquest”? What is the similarity between peaceful missionaries armed only with the Bible, sent out to persuade the pagans, and the armed might of Muslim Arab armies waging Jihad, with a religious mandate to subdue by force the Infidels, and then to present them with a stark choice: to be killed, to be at once converted (no complicated theological discussions needed), or to endure the dismal and deliberately humiliating condition of dhimmi, with its many social, economic, and political disabilities? The sleight-of-word that would treat the two ways of spreading the respective faiths, as both involving “conquest,” is bizarre. The Pope does not say outright that the objectives are the same; with pusillanimity aforethought, he says “it is possible to interpret the objective[s] in terms of the same idea of conquest.” But the “objective” of Muslims conducting Jihad is to subjugate and impose; the “objective” of those Christian disciples sent out to spread the Gospel was to persuade.

The Pope also demonstrates a desire to rescue Islam from suspicion: “Today, I don’t think that there is a fear of Islam as such but of ISIS and its war of conquest, which is partly drawn from Islam.” On what basis does he make this claim? Pope Francis claims there is fear only of ISIS, and not of Islam “as such.” But when non-Muslims are polled in France, in Germany, in Great Britain, in Italy, in Poland, in Denmark, in Sweden, as to whether they fear Islam, or are suspicious of Muslims, the answer increasingly is Yes, despite the frantic efforts of members of the media and political elites (and now Pope Francis) to substitute ISIS for Islam. Europeans are coming to understand that ISIS is merely Islam on stilts, a version that attempts to mimic the behavior and beliefs of the earliest Muslims. And why does Pope Francis claim that ISIS’ war of conquest is “partly drawn from Islam”? It is based entirely on Islam; had there been other, non-Islamic sources for ISIS’ ideology and its acts, you can be sure the Pope would have identified them.

The Pope says nothing about where the current “conquest” by Muslims is most in evidence – Europe itself — and by what means. He fails to discuss the duty of Jihad in Islam, or how Jihad can be conducted using whatever instruments are available and effective. In Western Europe, the most effective instrument at this point is not combat, qitaal, but the seemingly inexorable growth in Muslim numbers. Conquest need not be by force of arms; demography will do. Far from expressing any alarm over this amazing Muslim invasion of Europe, the Pope repeatedly has discussed the duty he thinks Europeans have to take in more and more of these Muslim migrants. And he is careful to minimize differences (between Islam and Christianity) where they are great, and exaggerate differences (between Islam and ISIS), where they are small. Both his heart, and his rhetoric, are in the wrong place.

Then there is the Pope’s duty to not misrepresent the past. It appears that he is willing to pass over in silence the role of Christianity in Europe’s history, in order – so he must think — to win temporary favor from Muslims in the present, and attain that famous interfaith dialogue on which he keeps placing his hopes. When asked why he never refers to the “Christian roots” of Europe, Pope Francis said he “sometimes dreads the tone [of those who mention those roots], which can seem triumphalist or even vengeful.” This objection is difficult to comprehend. The Pope refuses to make a simple statement of fact, which even the most convinced atheist could not deny; indeed, the Pope does not deny the “Christian roots” of Europe. Instead, he just won’t mention it, in his tender solicitousness for Muslim sensibilities, and his worry that because some people at some time have mentioned Europe’s “Christian roots” in a tone he describes as “triumphalist or even vengeful,” then he, Pope Francis, should refrain from mentioning those “Christian roots,” because he just might, you see, remind people of those who in the past have sounded “triumphalist or even vengeful.” And then, to complete the absurdity, he alludes to the Original Sin of White Western Christianity, Colonialism. Mention of “Christian roots” takes on, he claims, “colonialist overtones.” How? The “Christian roots” of Europe antedate colonialism by some 1600 years. The Pope, in a straightforward and sober tone, should be able to acknowledge those “Christian roots” of Europe without worrying about non-existent “colonialist overtones.” Don’t expect this Pope, by the way, ever to dare to recognize that the most successful example of colonialism in world history is that of Islam itself, where the colonized are taught to despise or forget their own pre-Islamic histories.

Is it really too much for the Pope to describe the differences between conducting Jihad and spreading the Gospel? Is it beyond him to proclaim the role of Christianity in Europe’s history, without sounding “triumphalist or even vengeful” or smuggling in “colonialist overtones”? If he doesn’t feel up to it, why not cut to the chase and try another solution: hand over the Papacy to the ghost of the islamochristian Arab Edward Said? What better way to win the trust of Muslims, so that the “dialogue” the Pope keeps hoping for can at long last begin? Or, taking a different tack, in an I-have-a-dream mode, why should Pope Francis not reverse course and ask for some history lessons from his predecessor, and put that dialogue-chasing on permanent hold?

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Filed Under: Catholic Church, Featured, moral equivalence, Useful idiots, willful ignorance Tagged With: Pope Francis


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Comments

  1. awake says

    May 19, 2016 at 12:56 pm

    As a Roman Catholic, I couldn’t be more disappointed with the current pontiff. No, disappointed is the wrong word. Aghast, now that one fits nicely.

    • EYESOPEN says

      May 19, 2016 at 3:13 pm

      My word for it is “disgusted”! And yes, I too am a Roman Catholic, born and raised. However, I will not step foot into another RC church while this “New World Odor” dope-on-a-rope” still sits in Peter’s chair — and while the U.S. Conference of Communist Bishops still rake in millions of our taxpayer dollars every year to re-settle muzlim (sic – on purpose) “refugees” into our cities and towns, thus aiding the hijra.

    • Jenny H says

      May 20, 2016 at 4:35 am

      I agree 100% with you, Awake. It seems that at this time when we need clear-sighted, courageous leaders of integrity to speak out and take decisive action to counter the the threat of Islam, for the most part, our leaders are muddle-headed, duplicitous, even traitorous concerning the threat of unvetted mass immigration of muslims to the continuation of the rights and freedoms endowed by Western Civilization, like the rule of law, freedom of speech and democracy. Maybe some of them should have studied Logic at University. Some of their actions seem very illogical.

    • Lia says

      May 20, 2016 at 8:57 pm

      Poor ol’ nunc’ Francie … The Vatican really should not let him out alone any more. He needs a retinue just to gather the marbles he scatters in his wake.

  2. Berengaria says

    May 19, 2016 at 1:19 pm

    I am almost terrified of this Faux Pope, his words are straight out of the Jesuit Playbook. They
    are masters of manipulating the meaning of common words.
    “If this “man” Francis, has sold RomanCatholicism to Islam, he must be denounced & Pope Benedict must be freed to lead the Church. We have no knowledge of Pope Benedict’s “retirement”, he is the Vicar of Christ until his death.

  3. Fatetrader says

    May 19, 2016 at 1:36 pm

    “THE CHURCHES WILL HELP US!”
    Then followed one of the most surprising statements of the whole presentation: He said, “Some of you probably think the Churches won’t stand for this,” and he went on to say, “the churches will help us!” There was no elaboration on this, it was unclear just what he had in mind when he said, “the churches will help us!” In retrospect I think some of us now can understand what he might have meant at that time. I recall then only of thinking, “no they won’t!” and remembering our Lord’s words where he said to Peter, “Thou art Peter and upon this rock I will build my Church, and gates of Hell will not prevail against it.” So .. yes, some people in the Churches might help. And in the subsequent 20 years we’ve seen how some people in Churches have helped. But we also know that our Lord’s Words will stand, and the gates of Hell will not prevail.

    New Order of Barbarians
    http://100777.com/nwo/barbarians#24
    Tapes one and two were recorded in 1988 and are the recollections of Dr. Lawrence Dunegan regarding a lecture he attended on March 20, 1969 at a meeting of the Pittsburgh Pediatric Society

  4. Angemon says

    May 19, 2016 at 1:52 pm

    Frankly, by now, I wouldn’t be surprised if Pope Francis came out as atheist.

    • dsinc says

      May 20, 2016 at 2:04 am

      Angemon, atheists don’t deserve that.

      • Angemon says

        May 20, 2016 at 5:34 pm

        Yeah, that’s true.

    • Jura says

      May 20, 2016 at 3:26 am

      He is a southamerican marxist.

  5. Jack Holan says

    May 19, 2016 at 2:25 pm

    Pope Benedict knew the truth about Islam and somehow I don’t belIeve his resignation (1st in 600 years) was voluntary). Even if he was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s he’d be more in touch with the World than Pope Francis. I have my doubt about the Mental Capacity of this man he almost Childlike.

  6. Zeke Zick says

    May 19, 2016 at 2:34 pm

    The Pope is a Dope, plain and simple. I hope he gets a seat in hell close to Mohammed, Hitler, and the entire 1969 NY Mets team!

  7. Susan B says

    May 19, 2016 at 2:46 pm

    He is not a Christian. In fact, if you believe in revelation he sounds like an anti-Christ, a minion of Satan. Where are the voices of the leaders that follow the Gospels; that would include the leaders within the RC church? Have the leaders lost their voice or will? How come they are not calling the pope out for all of these traitorous comments? Has everyone been bought and paid for?
    Evil is dominating the world and I fear the worst is yet to come there will be great “tribulation”. Hang on the ride will be very bumpy.

    • EYESOPEN says

      May 19, 2016 at 3:16 pm

      “Hang on, the ride will be very bumpy.”

      That’s for sure.

  8. CogitoErgoSum says

    May 19, 2016 at 3:19 pm

    The Pope could have pointed out that Islam and Christianity are the same in conquest if they both adhere to this belief:

    Amor omnia vincit. (Love conquers all.)

    But, it seems the Pope does not think that way.

    • John Stefan says

      May 20, 2016 at 9:40 pm

      People who trust in Jesus to be their Redeemer from sin and hell and rejoice greatly in the forgiveness of sins that Jesus’ life and death has won for them and the world do have in mind Jesus’ will to spread this good news to the entire world. But they do it through gentle persuasion. But the way of the devil to gain the world for allah and hell is the way Islam has been at it for the last 1400 years. The Pope is a very bad example to us Christians in gaining the world for Christ and His Kingdom. We Christians must daily pray for the “una sancta” (the holy Christian Church).

  9. Guest says

    May 19, 2016 at 3:48 pm

    Traitor to our religion! I no longer recognize that man as a Christian of any practice!

    • Guest says

      May 19, 2016 at 3:50 pm

      And a traitor to Jesus and his love as well.

      • mezcukor says

        May 20, 2016 at 8:09 am

        yes and he is an islamo communist

  10. Christian says

    May 19, 2016 at 4:30 pm

    He sounds like a product of his times. And a man of this world… But the church is not of this world. Appeasement only emboldens the aggressors.
    14 Do not be unequally yoked together with unbelievers. For what fellowship has righteousness with lawlessness? And what communion has light with darkness? 15 And what accord has Christ with Belial? Or what part has a believer with an unbeliever? II Corinthians 6

  11. Peter Charles says

    May 19, 2016 at 5:42 pm

    Pope Frank should resign, as he is clearly incompetent.

  12. Michael Poulin says

    May 19, 2016 at 7:30 pm

    This is not the first time this man has blasphemed Jesus Christ. To equate the Great Commission of Jesus Christ with the demon religion of Islam is simply an act of blasphemy. The Apostles poured water over people’s heads, Mohammed sliced off people’s heads. The man is a complete moron and first class dipshit. Just when you thought the Catholic cardinal couldn’t get more stupid, they outdo themselves electing this dangerous fool. The man is simply not a Christian in any sense of the word. All Catholics should condemn this man as an apostate and heretic, and further, BOYCOTT the collection baskets on Sundays until he resigns.

  13. jewdog says

    May 19, 2016 at 7:59 pm

    Humility certainly has its place in maintaining social cohesion in a culture, but it is out of place when a culture’s very existence is being challenged by ruthless outside forces. In that case, people want a little sass and swagger from someone who is not afraid to stand up for their rights. Like Donald Trump, for example.

  14. Agnishtoma says

    May 20, 2016 at 2:54 am

    Well the guy is right in one sense. The Christian armies massacred infidels, blotted out civilizations, conducted inquisitions on the natives(I am from India and the Spanish conducted inquisitions in Goa. At minimum 250000 Hindus were exterminated), So in the medieval times they were as bad as, if not worse than, conquering Muslims. The early Christians killed out the existing Hellenistic civilization and its artifacts. Many Greek scholars(Who had not fallen for any of the Abrahamics) in early Christian Europe conducted clandestine studies about various subjects like astronomy, geometry, philosophy etc.

    It is just now in the last 150-200 years that Christianity has mellowed down. In that wa

    • Rufolino says

      May 20, 2016 at 4:20 am

      The violence that has occurred in history in the name of Christianity was a betrayal of Christ.

      The violence that has occurred throughout history in the name of Islam is its fulfilment.

      • David says

        May 20, 2016 at 4:29 am

        Exactly

        • Agnishtoma says

          May 20, 2016 at 7:28 am

          Theologically yes you are right. The violence did not have scriptural basis though i remember reading certain things like Jesus asked to sell your cloak to buy a sword, I cannot recall when and what context. But then the people involved in such violence were none other than people in the church of roam and the Holy see himself in many cases. Back then Christianity was undivided. Even England was catholic.

          The difference is Christianity has shed off its old habits, whereas Islam has’nt

    • SpiritOf1683 says

      May 20, 2016 at 4:51 am

      And in the last 50 years, Islam has been getting steadily worse and worse. It is every bit as barbaric as what it was 500, 1,000 and 1,400 years ago. Over 80 million Indians were murdered by Muslims under those ‘delightful’ Moguls. We know how the Hindu Kush got its name, from the massacre of Hindus there. In just 100 years, half the known Christan world was conquered, as was Persia and Afghanistan, Europe was invaded, and had Martel lost at Tours in 732, Western civilization and culture would have been ended long before it began.

      • Agnishtoma says

        May 20, 2016 at 7:43 am

        You are right. The Coming of British Imperialism to India proved to be the end of the Mughal empire. I consider that personally(Though stupid “sickular” politicians in India wont. They blame the British for everything including their own corruption and ineffeciency) that it the biggest boon to India. But of course i do not agree with the other things the British did.

    • SpiritOf1683 says

      May 20, 2016 at 4:56 am

      So you’re now having a go at the Crusaders. Back in the Medieval era, those Crusaders were one of many who saved the same Western civilization the likes of yourself take ruthless advantage of. Without people like these, we wouldn’t have seen the scientific advances like what we’ve seen over the last 300 years or more.

    • Mubarak says

      May 20, 2016 at 6:20 pm

      Recommended reading, “The Subversion of Christianity” – Jacques Ellul.

    • Western Canadian says

      May 21, 2016 at 2:24 pm

      It sounds like you are getting your ‘history’ from sources that hate Christianity, almost as much as devout muslims do…. I am no lover of the RC church, but I still would be very hesitant to accept figures offered up about any past crimes committed by them….

      Most of the figures are fiction, such as the one that 6,000,000 women were burned at the stake as ‘witches’…. And ‘witches’, typically enough, is NOT a valid translation of the original term…

  15. Kasey says

    May 20, 2016 at 6:17 am

    He may be a [Roman] Catholic, but just how Christian he really is, is rather questionable when he ignores reality and then tells lies about it. I recall learning a hymn called “Onward Christian Soldiers”. No doubt Muslims have many prayers far more radical than it is, but both groups aim at conquest for a mythical god both believe in because, as children, they were indoctrinated with all that nonsense and mythology. Christians once killed for it, Muslims always have. How either can justify any co-operation beggars belief.

  16. firefox says

    May 20, 2016 at 11:01 am

    When Christians are called to be loving and accepting, it does not include being consciously blind to danger, especially to an unmistakably and demonstratively evil danger.
    That is willful ignorance.
    Francis is the most incredibly anti-Christian Pope ever.
    Even the most anti-Roman Catholic Pope ever.
    What is Francis doing attempting to call every religion under himself to establish what seems to be a new world religion?
    Even considering the anti-Christian thought that “all paths lead to God”, how in the world can Francis justify and reason that Islam:
    the anti-every-religion-but-itself,
    the ‘strike terror into the hearts of the unbeliever’ religion,
    that incorporates the allah-commanded: ‘death to every unbeliever”,
    the allah-commanded ‘Jews are pigs and apes’ and ‘the worst of all people’,
    and the allah-promoted ‘child marriage/sex’ and ‘wife abuse/rape/beating/disfigurement/murder’,
    AND the only one that in its texts ‘denies Christ’s divinity and the Bible’s message’,
    to be a just another path to God??
    Francis’ words and actions defy all logical human reason, and especially all religious reason, and I hope it defies Roman Catholic reason.
    The Roman Catholic Church made up its own self-serving religion that was ultimately challenged and Christianity reformed. But the RC Church did not, nor did it give up its sense that it alone is the link to God. Again recently it even pondered the return to dispensing indulgences!? And Francis stated that Christians were deluding themselves by falsely believing they could have any relationship with Christ, or any forgiveness from Christ outside the RC church.
    Francis’ political posturing and attempt at a new world religion is no less astonishing than Obama’s Muslim-sympathetic anti-Christian anti-free-America presidency or the virtually unchallenged and horribly agressive Muslim invasion.
    Francis has truly lost his marbles cavorting with the devil!
    He is become such a detriment to the entire world’s safety that it is best that he just quickly convert and become Muslim.

  17. firefox says

    May 20, 2016 at 12:52 pm

    Could it even be possible that the RC church is quaking in its boots at the possibility that the Muslims may succeed in this invasion and turn the Vatican into a MightyMosque?? …and they are trying to make nice in case it happens??

    What other reason justifies this insane Popal-posturing and boot-licking??

    • firefox says

      May 20, 2016 at 12:55 pm

      Really, what else could it be for Francis to act like such a Moh-hoe??

  18. Adolph says

    May 20, 2016 at 4:51 pm

    Pope Francis or more accurately Anti-Pope Frances, is not a Catholic, or a Christian of any kind. He does not care for the well-being of the Catholic Church, he is a type of religious politician with the goal of becoming himself or of one of his successors becoming the head of all religions in the world including Islam. Islam is arguably the strongest religion in the world, certainly the most violent and aggressive and so Pope Frances will have a certain deference for them. He is a traitor to Christianity and Europe, he does not care about our civilization or about the long term future of Christianity, for him the Church is only a vehicle to achieve his ends. Europe, Canada and the United States are expendable in the effort to achieve his goals. If you are a serious Catholic or a serious Christian of any kind, you must oppose Pope Frances he will do much damage to the Christian Faith, you must learn the Faith and practice it. If you are a European or Canadian or American patriot you must oppose Pope Francis he will do much to destroy your nation

  19. Tony46 says

    May 20, 2016 at 5:40 pm

    The spread of Jesus gospel built nations.
    Islam destroys. Big difference.
    Only in India they killed 80 million people.
    No to mention all nations obliterated in Africa and Central Asia.
    They created and exported slavery to the New World.
    They still hold 20 million slaves.
    Same as Jesus this Vatican Muffi says?..Ha!
    ..

  20. Mubarak says

    May 20, 2016 at 6:22 pm

    The trademark of Islam is that it can only be imposed. The recommended treatment of apostates from this religion is the proof.
    What a contrast to the spirit of these words: “Behold, I stand at the door, and knock: if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me.”
    – And the pope can’t see or hear the difference!

  21. Episcopul Marius says

    May 20, 2016 at 8:23 pm

    Mind blowing. I (almost) cannot believe what I am reading. My grandparents and thousands upon thousands of Catholics were persecuted or even killed in Eastern Europe for the Byzantine CATHOLIC faith under Communism in Romania, in the Church of the Catacombs. I remember as a 5 years old being carries by grandma and running trough minus 30 Celsius with Ceausescu’s political police (the Securitate) after us. All that trauma and sacrifice for the Catholic faith, so that this joker of the bishop of Rome (sold body and soul to anti-Christian and occult groups of interest), could sell us all Catholics, like cattle, worse then Judah Iscariot sold Christ. Sell us for NOTHING! The blood of millions of ancestors all across Eastern and Western Europe that stood against the religion of the devil and the ideology of the antiChrist- Islam- cray out laud to God Almighty to avenge this blasphemy of this “pope= father”. What kind of “Papas” is the one that sells his own children to the enemy that wants them dead?! This guy is no pope. Holy Mother of God have mercy on us all! These are scary times indeed. They may even be apocalyptic times. Only God knows but it does not look that what is coming for Christianity will be easy. It may be that the prophecies of Our Lady of Fatima and La Salette will come to pass… Christe Eleison! CHRISTUS VINCIT! CHRISTUS REGNANT! CHRISTUS IMPERAT!

  22. Mark A says

    May 20, 2016 at 11:18 pm

    I’m Catholic and I’m having major problems with Pope Francis comparing the Gospel of Matthew to, say, Sura 9 of the Koran.

    The Gospel of Matthew is about unarmed Christians going out and spreading the Word by peaceful persuasion and by example.

    Sura 9 exhorts Muslims to offer People of the Book three basic choices: conversion to Islam; payment of jizya and acceptance of dhimmi status with “willing submission” to Muslims and Islam; or death. Other non-Muslims are to be given a more basic choice: convert to Islam or die.

    How Pope Francis can equate the Gospel of Matthew with Sura 9 is totally beyond me.

    This is just the latest in a long line of Pope Francis’ statements that have given me cause for concern.

    But I’m having major problems with this particular statement.

    • John Stefan says

      May 21, 2016 at 4:47 pm

      Mark, I’m a retired Lutheran clergyman (the conservative kind) and to put the best construction on what the Pope said, maybe all that the Pope meant to say is that both want the world. Both Christianity and Islam want the whole world, Christianity for Christ, the King, the eternal God and Saviour and Islam wants the world for allah and Shariah and the devil. The goal of both is to gain the world. God’s Son atoned for the sins of the world by His suffering and death to gain the world for His eternal Kingdom. And the devil has been very successful in getting Muhammad to be his faithful servant in gaining the world for hell and to gain the world his (the devil’s) way. And the devil’s way is outlined in Surah 9 and in many other places found in the sources of Islam.

      It is a great evil when the R.C. Church accepts allah to be the same god as the Holy Trinity and when the Popes of the R.C. Church consider some of the teachings of Islam to be good but it is anti-Scriptural.
      Check the documents: “Nostra Aetate” of October 28, 1965 and also “Lumen Gentium” of Nov. 21, 1964.

  23. Historian says

    May 21, 2016 at 2:08 am

    “the Spanish conducted inquisitions in Goa. At minimum 250000 Hindus were exterminated)”

    This is wildly inaccurate. The Portuguese, not Spanish conducted the Goan Inquisition, which lasted 1561-1812 although there were few if any trials after 1774. (Technically, the Inquistion did not target Hindus but Catholics practicing quasi-Hindu rites). There were about 16,200 total Inquisition trials in Goa during this period, and so-called “crypto-Jewish” Portuguese were more often executed than so-called “crypto-Hindu” Indians so your figure of “250000 Hindus exterminated” by the Goan inquisition cannot possibly be accurate. Moreover, very few people actually tried by either the Spanish or Portuguese Inquisitions were ever executed. The vast majority were PENANCED not killed. This means they had to perform penances for their alleged “wrongdoing” (crypto-Hindu practices in the case of Catholics of Hindu ancestry) For the real rather than mythical figures on the Goan Inquisition please refer to “The Marrano Factory,” H.P Saloman & I.S.D Sassoonm p. 345-347.

    For example, looking at one sample of the surviving records (many records were destroyed) from 1600-1773 one scholar (Moreira) found only 57 people actually executed out of 4167 total cases. 4046 were PENANCED–no killing . 64 were burnt in effigy–that is they were sentenced to death but they died or escaped first . So about 97% were penanced, 3% sentenced to death and less than 1.5% actually killed. So extrapolate these proportions to bit over 1% of about 16,200 cases is more like 240 executed–and these included crypto-Jews as well as crypto-Hindus. These figures are similar to what Henry Kamen also found about the Spanish Inquisition for the period for which there are actual records: about 2% actually executed, the vast majority penanced.

    The Iberian Inquisitions were not so much about killing as about shaming-since penances were considered shameful: social pressure to get accused to admit “wrong-doing.” People were sentence to death only if they either were recalcitrant or they relapsed: penanced then returned to “wrong-doing.”

    Perhaps you were trying to say that in Goa the Portuguese destroyed a lot a temples. That is believable. But their inquisition did not execute a lot of so-called crypto-Hindus.

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