Dr. Ewis El Nagar (عويس النجار), the head of the Islamic Edicts Committee (لجنة الفتوى) of Quebec Council of Imams (Conseil des Imams Québec) who also serves as the Imam leader of Dawah (outreach, “call to Islam”) at the Canadian Islamic Centre in Montreal, says that the Islamic ruling on marrying slave women/ girls was not abrogated and it is applicable when the legitimate jihad is launched against the disbelievers.
According to Islamic law, sex assaults on infidel women are permitted:
“The Quran” (Saheeh International) that is being distributed for free across Canada by Islamic groups provides the legal basis of this ruling. Verse 24 of Surah (chapter) an-Nisa (The Women) states the following:
And [also prohibited to you are all] married women except those your right hands possess.177 [This is] the decree of Allah upon you.
These are immutable religious edicts. In Islamic law, what is considered to have been determined by Allah must not be challenged (see Qur’an 33:36). To do so is strictly forbidden. The Sharia is also considered to be divine law, above all other laws.
The article below also highlights “ICNA Canada’s online syllabus on ‘slave-girls.’” ICNA – “working in the field of community and social development”– is a mainstream Islamic organization.
“Quebec Imam says Islamic ruling on slave-girls was not abrogated”, by Jonathan Halevi, CIJ News, March 14, 2017:
Motion 103 “Systemic racism and religious discrimination”, which also known as the anti-Islamophobia motion, demands that “the government should recognize the need to quell the increasing public climate of hate and fear… condemn Islamophobia and all forms of systemic racism and religious discrimination and take note of House of Commons’ petition e-411 and the issues raised by it” and “develop a whole-of-government approach to reducing or eliminating systemic racism and religious discrimination including Islamophobia, in Canada.”
Petition e-411, which was unanimously endorsed by the Parliament, suggests that attributing terrorism to Islam is Islamophobia.
Initiated by Samer Majzoub, President of the Canadian Muslim Forum (المنتدى الاسلمي الكندي) and sponsored by Liberal MP Frank Baylis (Pierrefonds—Dollard, Quebec), Petition e-411 reads among other things the following:
Recently an infinitesimally small number of extremist individuals have conducted terrorist activities while claiming to speak for the religion of Islam. Their actions have been used as a pretext for a notable rise of anti-Muslim sentiments in Canada; and these violent individuals do not reflect in any way the values or the teachings of the religion of Islam. In fact, they misrepresent the religion. We categorically reject all their activities. They in no way represent the religion, the beliefs and the desire of Muslims to co-exist in peace with all peoples of the world. We, the undersigned, Citizens and residents of Canada, call upon the House of Commons to join us in recognizing that extremist individuals do not represent the religion of Islam, and in condemning all forms of Islamophobia.”
Dr. Ewis El Nagar (عويس النجار), the head of the Islamic Edicts Committee (لجنة الفتوى) of Quebec Council of Imams (Conseil des Imams Québec) who also serves as the Imam leader of Dawah (outreach, “call to Islam”) at the Canadian Islamic Centre in Montreal, says that the Islamic ruling on marrying slave women/ girls was not abrogated and it is applicable when the legitimate jihad is launched against the disbelievers.
“The Quran” (Saheeh International) that is being distributed for free across Canada by Islamic groups provides the legal basis of this ruling. Verse 24 of Surah (chapter) an-Nisa (The Women) states the following:
And [also prohibited to you are all] married women except those your right hands possess.177 [This is] the decree of Allah upon you. And lawful to you are [all others] beyond these, [provided] that you seek them [in marriage] with [gifts from] your property, desiring chastity, not unlawful sexual intercourse. So for whatever you enjoy [of marriage] from them, give them their due compensation 178 as an obligation. And there is no blame upon you for what you mutually agree to beyond the obligation. Indeed, Allah is ever Knowing and Wise.
The book’s modern commentary to this verse explains [Footnote 177] that the term ‘right hands possess’ refers to cases such as “slaves or war captives who had polytheist husbands” and the ‘compensation’ [Footnote 178] to “the mahr, a specified gift to the bride required of the man upon marriage.”
In a Q & A session at the Canadian Islamic Center Al-Jamieh mosque (241 Anselme Lavigne, Dollard-des-Ormeaux, QC), Dr. Ewis El Nagar said the following (originally in Arabic, 04:10-05:02):An important question still remains open. Are the [Quranic] verses dealing with ‘right hands possess’, which we had mentioned some of them… at the beginning of our hadith [narration attributed to Mohammad], and are these [Quranic] verses abrogated or not? And is this ruling still applicable or not? And the answer is that [the Quranic verses dealing with ‘right hands possess’] are not abrogated and the ruling [‘right hands possess’] is applicable once the reason for it exists. There is a question called the hypothetical question. In a hypothetical case in which the time turned back and the jihad returned, and the wars returned, the legitimate [wars], then the ruling [‘right hands possess’] is not abrogated in the book of Allah [The Quran] glorified and exalted be He.
An assistant summarized in English Dr. Ewis El Nagar’s answer as follows (08:25-08:37):
One question remains unanswered. Can we still marry our slaves in part in these days? And the answer is no, because the reasons for these marriages are inapplicable.
The video was published on tabserah YouTube channel on Aug 21, 2011.
ICNA Canada’s online syllabus on “slave-girls”
ICNA Canada is an Islamic national-wide organization striving “to build an Exemplary Canadian Muslim Community” by “total submission to Him [Allah] and through the propagation of true and universal message of Islam.” Dr. Iqbal Massod Al-Nadvi is the Amir (President) of Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) Canada and also serves as the Chairman of the Canadian council of Imams (Canada’s top Imam).
On its official website ICNA Canada shares with its members, followers and supporters the book “Riyad us Saliheen” (“The Gardens of the Righteous” رياض الصالحين) compiled by Imam Zakaruya Yahya Bin Sharaf An-Nawawi, a Sunni Shafi’ite jurist and hadith scholar who lived in 13th century.
The Gardens of the Righteous (Arabic: Riyadh as-Salihin), is a compilation of verses from the Qur’an and hadith by Al-Nawawi. It contains a total of 1905 hadiths divided across 372 chapters, many of which are introduced by verses of the Quran.
The book “Riyad us Saliheen” (“The Gardens of the Righteous”) which appears on ICNA Canada site adds modern commentary to the verses from the Qur’an and hadith. The following is an excerpt from the book:
If a slave-girl is guilty of fornication, she is liable to a punishment of fifty stripes, and this punishment can be given by her master… One hundred stripes or stoning to death in case of fornication… if they commit the mischief, it will prove fatal because in an Islamic state this crime is punishable by Rajm (stoning to death).
In a “Syllabus for the Month of March for MGAs and Workers”, ICNA Canada provides selected verses of the Quran and hadiths (traditions containing sayings of Mohammad the prophet of Islam that constitute the major source of guidance).
The syllabus contains verses 1-11 verses from Chapter 23 of the Qurab Al-Mu’minun – The Believers in Arabic and in English accompanied with modern commentary:
“Successful indeed are the believers. (1) Those who offer their Salât (prayers) with all solemnity and full submissiveness. (2) And those who turn away from Al-Laghw (dirty, false, evil vain talk, falsehood, and all that Allâh has forbidden). (3) And those who pay the Zakât. (4) And those who guard their chastity (i.e. Private parts, from illegal sexual acts). (5) Except from their wives or (slaves) that their right hands possess, – for then, they are free from blame; (6) But whoever seeks beyond that, then those are the transgressors; (7) Those who are faithfully true to their Amanât (all the duties which Allâh has ordained, honesty, moral responsibility and trusts)[] and to their covenants; (8) And those who strictly guard their (five compulsory congregational) Salawât (prayers) (at their fixed stated hours).[] (9) These are indeed the inheritors. (10) Who shall inherit the Firdaus (Paradise). They shall dwell therein forever. (11) (Translation by Dr. Mohsin)”
The commentary of verses 4 and 5, as appears on ICNA Canada’s syllabus, confirms the permission for Muslim men to take a slave woman and to have an intercourse with her.
Book sold in Toronto justifies the practice of “slave-wives” in Islam
The booklet “The Prophet of Islam – The Ideal Husband” by Syed Abu Zafar Zain states that “family life is the base of all society, polity, culture and civilization, indeed of life itself. It is hoped that the study of this booklet will provide valuable guidance on the how and why of this important problem.”The last chapter of the book presents questions and answers. “The following questions are generally raised by Orientalists, Jews and Christians out to present the Prophet of Islam [Mohammad] in a misguiding light,” the author writes (click HERE).
“Question: “Why Islam permits an unlimited number of slave-women for marriage?
“Answer: “As slaves, women face a worse lot than men. If they cannot get free by any other way, such as arranging ransom, the best solution for them is marriage. A slave-wife becomes automatically free as soon as she becomes a mother or a widow. And her children are born free. They receive the same status as the children of her fellow free co-wives. And how else are you going to honourably incorporate in your society women captured in war?”
Book handed out at Toronto’s Dundas Square explains Islamic ruling on slavery
Muslim Dawah (outreach, “call to Islam”) activists at Toronto’s Dundas Square distributed copies of the book “Human Rights in Islam and Common Misconceptions” authored by Abdul-Rahman al-Sheha. On the back cover of the book an official sticker of Walk-In InfoCenter (WIIC) was attached containing a Quranic verse and WIIC’s contact information (address, phones, email and website).The following are excerpts from the book dealing with slavery in Islam:
“Slavery, according to Islamic teachings, is limited to physical slavery only and there are no forced conversions to the way of the master. A slave has the right to maintain his own faith… two exceptions as legitimate sources of slaves…“(1) War captives, or prisoners of lawfully declared wars by a Muslim ruler…
“(2) An inherited slave born from two slave parents. Such a child is considered a slave as well. However, if the master of a slave girl took her as legal concubine, the product of this relation is a free child who is also attached in lineage to his free father. In such case, the slave-girl is called ‘a mother of a child’ who cannot be sold and cannot be given as a gift and must be freed upon the death of her master……..
kessler says
And yet, anyone suggesting the surveillance of mosques and investigating the material preached is a racist islamophobic bigot – even if the mosque has been linked to extremism.
People refuse to understand that Jihadism is rooted in the Islamist ideology preached in the mosques.
Time after time we hear of terrorists not being “particularly religious” and yet frequented a mosque. Such as Omar Mateen. The imams preaching the islamist ideology are 100% aligned with the jihadists – the only difference is who commits the violent act. They both want the same ultimate goal, Islamic supremacy and subjugation of infidels.
They are a cancer and people allow it to spread because they are too naive to understand the danger.
Robert says
1) Who determines what is a legitimate Jihad against non-believers? There are many Imams who are ready to call for a jihad to clean the surface of the earth from infidels 2) Is this part of our desire to build a multicultural society with (Christian) slaves?
Westman says
“War captives, or prisoners of lawfully declared wars by a Muslim ruler…”
To be or not to be a legitimate Muslim ruler seems to be the question. Who was a Muslim ruler in the days of the “companions”? Most likely a Warlord. The Muslim religious ruler and civic ruler was in the same person. And since Islam has no actual line or method of succession, anyone who masters the cannon of Islam and observes its rituals and gains enough followers could declare himself to be the ruler. Hence OBL, Baghdadi, Ruhollah Khomeini, ad infinitum. Even Erdogan is trying to burrow into the Islamic ruler throne.
In a religious value system, in which a wife can be divorced by declaring it three times, we are expected to think it has some regard for infidel women? It would be more likely that Islamists will be over-represented with involvement in human trafficking.
Terry Gain says
Every Mosque is linked to extremism – Islam.
Stephanie says
Sex Slaver, ‘…or those (women) your right hand possesses.’ http://quran.com/4/3 http://quran.com/4/24
Angemon says
In other new and exciting news, water is wet!
Ah, so the “Citizens and residents of Canada” take up to themselves to define what represents islam and what doesn’t – and they rule out islamic scholars with degrees in islamic studies. Got it. BTW: “Their actions have been used as a pretext for a notable rise of anti-Muslim sentiments in Canada”? Really?
Pretext – a purpose or motive alleged or an appearance assumed in order to cloak the real intention or state of affairs
If the actions of terrorists murdering and raping for islam are a “pretext” for the “alleged “rise of anti-muslim sentiments” in Canada, what’s the “real” cause? And if they’re just a “pretext”, what’s the point of that petition? Because, if it’s just a “pretext”, them having the government saying that terrorists do no represent islam will do nothing to stop alleged “islamophobia” – because the belief that terrorists do represent islam is not the cause bust an excuse.
stever4406 says
This petition does not speak for THIS citizen of Canada.
The Confessions says
Islam would be far more interesting if there was a fatwa that Muslim men could be enslaved by their women.
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https://theconfessionsweb.wordpress.com/
moeped says
What’s the solution? As Robert always says so hilariously: “More! More!”
Not to worry my friends, when push comes to shove, those who love The Righteous West will shove the hardest
To you who monitor this website rather than legitimate threats: did you hear me? The West is Righteous, MORE RIGHTEOUS THAN YOUR GOD. We will not lose – not now, not in 10,000 years.
mortimer says
All MEMBERS OF CANADA’S PARLIAMENT should be made aware that this mullah is advocating the ENSLAVEMENT and RAPE OF CANADIANS.
Custos Custodum says
ALL members are perfectly aware, or have DECIDED NOT TO SEE, that Islam is rape.
All members collectively and individually are perfectly fine with condoning rape and murder of Canadian citizens, and with sacrificing freedom of speech, as the price of buying Muslim votes and financial support.
Freedom of speech is not a mere convenience, but a condition sine qua non for raising and dealing with all other social problems. Without traditions of freedom of speech and fearless public debate, slavery would still exist in the U.S. (and even in Canada) today as it does in Saudi Arabia and Mauritania today.
One does not get to be a member of Canada’s parliament by being a dummy.
Kepha says
Unhappily, one does not get to be a member of the US Congress (whether House or Senate), or any democratic legislature by being a dummy. Unhappily, if we live in a corrupt culture and have a corrupt people, their representatives in the legislature and other branches of government will reflect that corruption.
You are right about freedom of speech. I will say again that Americans should shriek, block roads, and chant all night long in jail cells to get our legislatures to impeach and remove any judge who favors “hate speech” codes. But perhaps one other thing that has happened is that our First Amendment has been abused to spread corruption and to shame an vilify any speech that opposes it.
May God change our hearts.
francis gibson says
infiltration of MOSQUES is the only way for security intelligence! it worked against the GERMANS AND JAPANESE during the 2nd WAR! wheres has the COMMON SENSE GONE? XGENNERS AND MILLINIUMS HAVE INHERITED THE FORMER JOBS, thats why we are in this dillema! all because of POLITICAL CORRECTNESS! dont want to OFFEND SOMEONES FEELINGS! what a WEAK BODY OF POLITICIANS WE HAVE NOW HERE IN (bananada) a disgrace! im ashamed to be a canadian, BORN AND RAISED HERE IN ONCE CANADA, now i call BANANADA!
mortimer says
The U.N. Security Council adopted resolution 1820, which noted that “rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide”.
Koran 4.24 is a DECREE OF ALLAH. Therefore, the Koran ‘decrees’ CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY.
Enslaving and then raping MARRIED CAPTIVES is a crime against humanity and a form of genocide.
Biff H says
It is inconceivable to me, and it should be to Muslims, that a slave girl of a conquered people would willingly resign herself to her fate or do so without holding resentment towards her captors. Since very few Muslims born into the faith are Arabs in the true sense of the word, it follows that at some point an individual who embraced Islam most likely raped their way into the ancestral bloodline of the indigenous population in lands that fall outside of the Arabian Peninsula. How do you think Muslims who meet this criteria would respond if they were asked to ascertain if their ancestors path to Islam was an act of free will?
gravenimage says
Muslims don’t care if their ancestors were forced to convert. A Hadith lauds pious Mohammedans for dragging Infidels to Islam “in fetters and chains”.
Biff H says
And when they commit an immorality, they say, “We found our fathers doing it, and Allah has ordered us to do it.” Say, “Indeed, Allah does not order immorality. Do you say about Allah that which you do not know?” Qur’an 7:28
When Muslims force themselves upon unbelievers in the name of Allah it is not rape because Allah does not order immorality. You would think this passage from the Qur’an is a clear condemnation of what their Muslim forefathers practiced as they raped their way throughout history. Contraire, when Muslims rape their captives it’s a blessing from Allah. A people that follows this line of reasoning have no dignity or shame.
PRCS says
As this fella and dear Ms. Bullock–from the Muslim prof thread–are telling the ugly truth about Islam, thread should go on tour so that “filthy unbelievers” can hear the truth.
putridislam says
Our gov’ts brought in moslems to subjugate us, to cull the human herd for the globalist pigs to be able to reign over their subdued brown herd because if we don’t fight back and hard that’s all that will be left. Few more years and they will have out bred us and whites will become the minority and we all see how the white minority is treated in moslem majority countries. Their Churches are burned, they have no rights, they’re burned, attacked for phony blasphemy charges, raped and so on. Never let this happen people. You give these people an inch and they take a mile. Trudeau is smooching around with Soros the nazi and that should tell you everything.
Matthieu Baudin says
Dr. Ewis El Nagar is a true enemy of our modern civilisation. He shouldn’t have a seat to rest his bum on.
citycat says
If the Bible Gita etc said rape
Would the devotees rape?
Is it Muslims or is it the Qur’an?
A % of men are addicted to orgasm and lower than dogs and would rape if legal
Muslims are allowed to rape
How many rape?
A fair % in general worldwide
.
Biff H says
A child of a slave is not always granted the status of a free child. If a slave girl is raped by someone other than their master, or the off-spring were the result of the master gifting a night of pleasure to a guest, or the slave girl is employed as a prostitute, the off-spring are property and ineligible to be a free child. If is lawful for the Muslim male who produces off-spring under these circumstances to have sex with his daughter.
Adam khan says
Are these human beings?
Linda Rivera says
They are no longer human. They are the biggest threat on earth to women and children. Western leaders are just as evil for colonising our nations with Muslims. They KNOW what Islam teaches.
Ric says
Indeed, Linda, it is near orgasmic, the utmost of perversity. I, too, am of the same concerns with Canada’s pathetic leadership, sadly, of all parties. Apparently, no one has the fortitude to challenge the status quo mindset. No one obviously cares or dares to challenge the latter, from the insipid Trudeau to the other parties choosing to be flaccid and gutless than going head-to-head at the malevolent mindset within the government(s). I concur, the Western ruling elites are malevolent, evil is as good a description as any.
It is we whom will suffer under their death-wish… it is happening to innocent young women every day.
I have two granddaughters; trust me, I am beyond worry, consternation; not solely for mine but all and those of subsequent generations. Our duplicitous leadership should be indicted for treason. Yet, it will be those of us whom dare speak out that will be charged as Islamophobic; our democracy is no longer a democracy. Our rights have been whittled away over the decades. Under the ‘Sun King’ or ‘Boy King’, Trudeau, democracy will be no more. He, as was Obama, is bent on the ruination of our Democracy; not a surprise, his old man was the same… the ‘nut’ doesn’t fall far from the tree.
Biff H says
In Islam there is a clear distinction between what is permitted and what is humane. Jesus said guard yourself from the corrupting influence of those that don’t share your faith yet you are compelled to love all of God’s creation just as Jesus loves you despite your transgressions. Being a purveyor of unmentionable indignities and persecution upon non-Muslims is a pious form of worship. Even if an infidel “reverts” to Islam they still bear the mark of Islam’s brutal savagery on their soul. Surrender to savagery, answering to a perpetual state of terror, is the glue that binds every Muslim within the grasp of Islam. Even an act of mercy can be devoid of an act of love. This is Islam.
Biff H says
When an infidel is on the receiving end of an act of mercy from a Muslim it can never be framed as an act of love because Muslims are not permitted to love what Allah hates (Allah hates all non-believers). To say you are capable of showing love to a non-believer is an act of self-condemnation as you now stand accused of loving what Allah hates. Muslims that claim to practice tuff love (Because rape and acts of violence against non-Muslims can only be framed as acts of Allah’s mercy) are deficient in their religion and will have to answer to Allah for it on the Day of Judgment. There is no room for love in the House of War or the House of Peace. There will always remain within the House of Peace corrupting pockets of influence from the House of War. When a Muslim is called out for being deficient in their religion it is an act of war within Dar al Islam. By its very nature the House of Peace is forever plagued by an internal state of war amongst the elect. There is not a Muslim on the planet that not deficient in their religion in some way or another. If Muslims are required to be merciful to one another, and that mercy can only be exercised free of loving what Allah hates, they religion forces them to be incapable of unabashedly loving their fellow man.
utis says
What does it matter if you’re born free, when you’re only “free” to be a muslim?
gravenimage says
Yes–there is no freedom in Islam.
Skep says
Islamic divine law, what a crock, should be ridiculed,
Lioness says
In Trudeau’s Canada anything is allowed when it comes to islamists. Mosques routinely call for the murder of Jews, killing of gays, child “marriage”. This is culturally diverse and critisizing muslims for such speech is considered Islamophobic – for now. After the passing of m-103, criticizing it will put you in jail. Fast forward 25 years: critisizing anything muslims do or say will put your head on a spike.
Jenny H says
Even if Muslims are a minority in Canada or another country, if such laws prevent people from making valid criticisms or any criticism of Islam and must remain especially respectful of muslims above all others, what’s the difference between that and being a dhimmi in a muslim-controlled country? Many white, non-Muslim Canadians must feel grateful for the efforts of Hindu and Sikh citizens/residents, and others with first-hand experience of living with a domineering muslim population. Their words may not be automatically dismissed.
RK says
SOMEONE WANT TO MANUP AND TELL THESE PEOPLE THEY ARE “NOT” IN THE MIDDLE EAST,THEIR COUNTRYIES, ANYMORE SO SHUT THE HECK UP, ASSIMULATE OR GET THE HELL OUT! MAN-UP POLITICIANS, MAN THE “F” UP! ENOUGH ALREADY ENOUGH!
Ric says
Apparently. the caliphate is well embedded into the core of our Western-Democracies. Canada is following the suicidal pathway of the UK and the other great appeasers of this perversely twisted cult, Islam. Meanwhile, the disingenuous leadership chose to stick their heads in their favorite orifice, while those of this insidious, bloodletting, pimping cult break the laws of the adopted lands with not a bray from those beholden to enforce the laws. Canada, surely, shall, under the inept, placating Justin Trudeau place Canada in the precarious footing as those of the UK and the EU.
Moreover, it is the young and women, in general, who will be subjugated to servility under this so-called religion that is no more than a cult of oppression, perversion, gratuitous rape, and bloodletting. The MSM vilifies President Trump solely because he foresees Islam for what it is, a malevolent Cult. The MSM while nearing orgasmic frenzy with the mere mention of the duplicitous and imbecilic Trudeau… are as shallow as their counterparts worldwide. It is as though the leftist scourge has a death-wish; a death-wish that will solely affect the citizenry until the caliphate is concluded. Leftists, the dullards that they are, shall be the first to have their heads lobbed off gratuitously. The Radical-Left have the foresight of road-kill; further pastures always look greener.
Linda Rivera says
Look at the tremendous excitement on the imam’s face as he talks about taking non-Muslim girls for sex slaves. He’s looking forward to the time when Muslims become a huge percentage in Canada.
The wicked response of Canada’s leaders is to continually increase taking huge numbers of Muslims into Canada. Canada’s leaders and other Western leaders are GUILTY of CRIMES Against HUMANITY. Western ruling elites are Satanic and UTTERLY EVIL.
gravenimage says
Quebec imam says Islamic ruling allowing slave girls is still in force
………………………….
This is true about Islam. The question is whether Canada is going to put up with this vicious savagery.
Sally says
this invasion reminds me of a well oiled machine that rolls in with people in 21th century. It is well planned for destruction of all countries. Their laws are their religion and their religion is the laws they live by. After all they are behind in time and space. This is not going to be pretty and like I said, it was well planned by those who want our destruction. What a great way to do it and then make it illegal to talk about the predators. We better see this for what it really is and to do that you have to be online and want to know. Hopefully we will unite and see through this and pray it backfires on them.
Ric says
Well said, Sally, indeed, this is a well-oiled machine or machination. It, now, in Ontario, Canada, I believe Islamophobia is a hate-crime and one may be charged if daring to criticize the religion/cult of peace/bloodletting. Moreover, our religion, culture, and democracy are censured and disparaged not solely be Islamism but our gutless, shallow, duplicitous leadership.
I fear the sheeple do not get it, nor care or dare to get it. Westerners, apparently, prefer to be led to the abattoir without a bleat. I, like many, would dare debate my/our right to freedom of speech regarding this being a so-called Islamophobic worldview. If one is being selective or vigilant of whom enters their home, is it not the equally important when people are given entry into a nation? I would like our Overlords to answer this question.