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New Book Demolishes Arab Armies of Sand

Apr 13, 2019 8:00 am By Andrew Harrod

“Arab armed forces consistently underperformed, and underperformed in the same ways time and again, regardless of who they fought or where, the state of their politics, or the relative state of economic development between them and their foe.” So concludes scholar Kenneth M. Pollack in his magisterial book on the cultural roots of disastrous post-1945 Arab military performance, Armies of Sand: The Past, Present, and Future of Arab Military Effectiveness.

Pollack presents an encyclopedic, withering critique of Arab militaries across decades in numerous varied conflicts, to substantiate the conclusion that:

Arab militaries were consistently crippled by passive and unimaginative tactical leadership, an inability to conduct effective air operations, and badly distorted flows of information across their chains of command but especially at tactical levels. Arab cultural preferences also hindered their combined arms operations, weapons handling, and maintenance.

Beginning with Israel’s humiliating rout in the 1967 Six Day War of numerically overwhelming Arab armies massed for Israel’s predicted destruction, Pollack repeatedly details an almost unbroken litany of Arab military disasters. For example, during the 1991 Gulf War, “Iraq lost 36 aircraft to just 1 Coalition fighter shot down, and many of the Iraqi pilots were killed not by Coalition missiles or gunfire but because they flew into the ground.” As he himself indicates, these results would be comical were the consequences not so grave.

“No matter how hard Arab militaries tried to overcome these culturally derived problems, the most they could do was to mask them for some time in certain situations,” Pollack notes. The most notable historical example is Egypt’s surprise attack against Israeli positions along the Suez Canal in the 1973 October War. After “Herculean preparations, the Egyptian assault across Suez on October 6 was a stunning success. Thanks to outstanding feats of logistical and combat engineering support, Egypt crossed tens of thousands of men and thousands of vehicles over the Canal.”

Egypt initially enjoyed “strategic surprise, massive advantages in firepower, numbers, and technological surprise.” Yet these factors could only “produce only a modest military accomplishment: crossing the Canal and holding two small bridgeheads no more than about 8-12 kilometers deep for about two weeks.” Thereafter, Israeli prowess in modern combined arms maneuver warfare devastated the Egyptians and their Arab allies.

Pollack refutes varied theories that locate Arab military weakness outside of Arab culture, such as the decades-old “idea that it’s all the Soviets’ fault” because (actually only to some extent) Arab militaries followed Soviet doctrine. After in World War II successfully “devising a system meant to win despite limited tactical abilities, the Soviet system was tailor-made for the Arabs,” he observes. Meanwhile, the Korean War in the 1950s and the Cubans fighting the South Africans in Angola during the 1980s demonstrated the effectiveness of the Soviet way of war. “Although both the North Koreans and Cubans relied heavily on Soviet military methods—far more heavily than any of the Arab militaries at any time—they fought markedly better than the Arabs,” Pollack notes.

Pollack’s analysis of how the Chadians mounted on Toyotas crushed in 1986 a Soviet-style mechanized Libyan force demonstrates that underdevelopment need not prevent martial success. Similarly, China in 1950 was “considerably more backward than the Arab states in 1960” when China entered the Korean War against a well-armed American-led coalition. “Only one-quarter to one-third of the Chinese infantrymen even had rifles. The vast majority went into battle with only grenades,” he writes, yet Chinese military performance “was first class in every category.”

Politicization is another problem that afflicts militaries under non-democratic regimes both within and without the Arab world, Pollack states. Thus before the 1973 war, Syrian dictator “Hafiz al-Asad could identify only five generals he trusted to command divisions, so he only created five divisional commands—even though his army was so big it really needed twice that many.” Yet during the Vietnam War South Vietnamese forces “were riddled with politics like end-stage lymphoma,” but fought far more effectively than Arab militaries.

Pollack shows that the

most important problems that Arab militaries have experienced in battle since 1945 derive from behavioral patterns associated with Arab culture….It is striking how much the Arab armies and air forces have performed in keeping with those patterns of culturally regular behavior identified by anthropologists, sociologists, cultural psychologists, and other experts on Arab society.

Pollack, for example, observes that military politicization evinces that a “highly valued trait of Arab society is group solidarity and loyalty.” If a leader “comes to power of any kind in the Arab world, it is expected that he will bring his relatives, clansmen, tribesmen, and coreligionists/co-ethnicists in with him and give them plum positions.” This “happens across the Arab world in every organization imaginable.”

Additionally, across scholarly literature about Arabs the “behavioral emphasis that comes up most frequently is the promotion of conformity to group norms,” Pollack writes. “If you do any reading about organizations in the Arab world, whether government bureaucracies, factories, universities, corporations, or small businesses, the word that keeps coming up over and over again is ‘authoritarian.’” Arab militaries are no exception, and this authoritarianism stifles the initiative that makes militaries like those of America and Israel so successful.

Accordingly, Pollack examines that Arab educational systems historically have “relied almost entirely on passive learning techniques, specifically rote memorization.” This reflects the fact that the “educational system of all the Arab states still derives ultimately from the Quranic schools.” Therefore he quotes a Palestinian Muslim professor who states that the “Islamic tradition holds that learning is fixed. My students resist going beyond the book, any book.” Arab military training then often corresponds to what a Soviet pilot who had trained Iraqi pilots noted, namely that “Iraqi training exercises were jokes: canned operations in which everything was scripted.”

Arab military training and battlefield conduct also suffers from Arabic culture’s emphasis on honor and shame, Pollack notes. “In order to conceal mistakes that would result in shame, features of Arab culture encourage the individual to exaggerate, lie, and/or remain secretive.” Therefore in 1973 Egyptian officers deceived the general staff that an Israeli counterattack across the canal involved merely a raiding company; only the army chief of staff’s personal reconnaissance revealed the truth of multiple divisions.

Furthermore, scholars across disciplines have an “undeniable consensus that Arab society, as it developed over the centuries, came to see manual labor as dishonorable,” Pollack relates. This prejudice has inhibited the development of scientific and mechanical disciplines among Arabs, with baleful effects upon Arab care of military equipment. Thus Egyptian F-4 “Phantom squadrons quickly became nonoperational” in the 1980s, after cancellation of American maintenance contracts.

Pollack’s masterful study of Arab militaries within a wide-ranging historical and geographical context across over 500 pages expresses his lifetime of wisdom on military matters. He provides essential reading for a critical understanding of Arab armed forces and the societies behind them. While military malfeasance will continue to bedevil Arabs for years to come, Armies of Sand’s solid scholarship will stand the test of time.

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Comments

  1. Buraq says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 8:15 am

    Any culture that thinks that manhood is all about subjugating women has real problems when faced down by real men!

    Clowns can’t fight!

    • b.a. freeman says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 10:34 am

      actually, i have read several estimations of ability that give the *individual* muslim arab high marks, but their cultural ability to co-operate is what holds them back. remember, criminals often co-operate briefly in the commission of a crime, but eventually, one thug ends up whacking the other, because each is focused only on helping himself to the booty.

    • Charles Ross says

      Apr 14, 2019 at 9:10 am

      They aren’t clowns even if their behavior is buffoonish. Any man who subjugates women as muslims do, is a plain and simple coward.

  2. Tony Naim says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 8:36 am

    Tribalism is so deeply intertwined in Arab nomadic Culture that even theology had to conform to it. And so came the Koran and the Sharia.

    • b.a. freeman says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 10:35 am

      ” … even theology had to conform to it.”
      —
      +1

    • James Lincoln says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 11:14 am

      Tony,

      I never gave that one a thought!

  3. Westman says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 9:42 am

    There are only two possible reasons for the incompetence of Arab armies, Islam and limited average mental abilities within the Arab military.

    Islam is demerit system in which an isolated person can be destroyed by the accusations of another person who stands to benefit; there is no presumption of innocence. The only sane method to solve this problem is to surround one’s self with relatives, friends, and allies. This installs incompetence since the entourage is chosen for loyalty instead of ability.

    Note that Pakistanis are still trying to kill Asia Bibi who has no Muslim allies, Iran hangs the isolates from construction equipment, and SA beheads them. So-called Islamic “Honor Killings” are mainly fear-based; killing the “offender” before someone kills a relative.

    The custom of marrying relatives is likely based in securing an expansion of allies for protection in a demerit-based Islamic society. The unintended consequence is increased congenital defects and a lowering of the average cognitive ability within the society, particularly among the poorer classes who become the grunt soldiers.

    When Muslims realize that Islam, their own culture, is what limits them, perhaps reformation and competence can prevail. Till then, accusing and killing each other, claiming victimhood, participating in mindless Israelophobia, hating Jews, and hating unbelievers, will have to suffice.

    • William Garrison says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 10:31 am

      Don’t knock SA about its use of beheading for executing murders. Beheading is a very humane method of execution — death occurs within a matter of seconds. Compare that with the 10-20+ minutes-long tormented death by lethal injection. Unless you believe that pain, suffering and agony should be part of a state-sanctioned execution.

      • b.a. freeman says

        Apr 13, 2019 at 12:30 pm

        i don’t believe in giving *ANY* state – including any government in the u.s. – the power to kill its citizens. look at the record of governments throughout history, and U will find an *unbroken* litany of unjust and ill-considered killings of those whom the rulers dislike. *why* should one *EVER* trust a government to kill people? not only can the state not restore the life of one inequitably killed, it only rarely considers evidence in assigning blame in the first place. yes, if i had to die by execution, i would choose the least painful, and quickest, method, but i would *always* choose staying alive … wouldn’t U? finally, beheadings by sword often go wrong if the executioner’s aim is off; that’s why the guillotine was invented. somehow i don’t see saudi barbaria choosing a humane method of execution; their own sock-puppet god prefers to torture those who oppose him, so why should not the islamic state?

      • gravenimage says

        Apr 13, 2019 at 9:29 pm

        Oh, good lord. Is William Garrison also happy with Saudi Arabia beheading “witches” and girls who dare to fall in love?

        Moreover, he is–presumably–only referring to beheadings with swords or axes. Or does he also consider throat-cutting to be more humane than those ‘filthy Infidels’ in America?

    • b.a. freeman says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 10:38 am

      well put!

      +1

    • James Lincoln says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 11:23 am

      Westman, you stated, correctly:

      “When Muslims realize that Islam, their own culture, is what limits them, perhaps reformation and competence can prevail.”

      The problem is that their “limited average mental abilities” may be preventing this realization…

      • elee says

        Apr 13, 2019 at 1:51 pm

        Their culture is adaptive, like the culture of the cuckoo bird……why build a nest when you can lay your eggs in some other bird’s nest and have your offspring chuck the nest-builder’s hatchlings out to starve? And why invent, save, invest, build and reinvest for centuries when you can just let the kafirs do all that and then pillage it? Or move in, live on welfare, and call it jizya?

        When a man does this with a shotgun at a convenience store we have a name for it. When a religion and a culture do this we get call it identity politics and get all multicultural about it……except, of course, we leave out the part about what kind of world a millennium of this culture creates and tries to inflict.

        • James Lincoln says

          Apr 13, 2019 at 5:17 pm

          +1

  4. mortimer says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 10:28 am

    The Islamic war technique (and general jihad technique … verbal or otherwise … please take note) is THE RAID. Mujihadeen will run up to you, take a price, and then swiftly retreat in order to avoid a counterattack. They repeat this whenever they feel ready for another mission. Islam usually doesn’t mount a set piece battle and when Islamic commanders have done so, they generally have catastrophic results. The other element (that was omitted in the above article) is the CLAN SYSTEM in Arab countries. Generally, Arabs will only fight to defend their clan, and so, they couldn’t care less about their country, their military commanders, president or prime minister. They will only fight to defend their clan and perhaps not even to defend their tribe. Lawrence of Arabia wittily wrote that the Arabs were ‘too free-minded’ to be effective soldiers.

    • b.a. freeman says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 12:37 pm

      the other element … is the CLAN SYSTEM …
      —
      of course, when it comes to booty, anything that indisposes any muslim anywhere, especially if caused by the hated kuffar, is just cause to band together with the rest of the ummah to kill, rape, and take booty (but i repeat myself, since a pious muslim considers a kuffar female of any age to be potential booty). thus, the “clan” is indeed very important, and the very concept of clan is also very flexible when it comes to booty, as it is in any criminal organization. of course, “clan” *never* shrinks below relatives, who, as noted, are one’s protectors.

      +1

  5. b.a. freeman says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 10:30 am

    wow, this is *excellent*!

    i read an article a few years ago that was written by an american military contractor who spent many years in the middle east training various military organizations on the use of american equipment. he noted that information was jealously guarded by all personnel as a means to have power over others; in one instance, a commander collected maintenance manuals from the mechanics so that he could maintain his position over them. given the distorting influence of islam upon family life and society at large, this is not too surprising, but it needs to be spread far and wide so that civilized people can begin to grasp the profound damage that the pirate cult of islam wreaks upon humans.

    i am *definitely* getting this book!

    • Frank Anderson says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 12:42 pm

      b.a.f., your insight is hilariously true. Immediately after I graduated from college I was hired to be the first and only degreed engineer full-time at a recently built particleboard plant. For months the plant struggled with settings of fluid level in the hydraulic system for the 6,350 ton press. Unknown to me for most of the time I was there, the maintenance foreman had the blueprints that showed the correct level. I was able without the plans to observe the operation of the press, do the calculations and find the correct levels to keep the plant running for several more months until major construction and new plans were done. The manager was ready to shut the plant down when finally relenting and trying my numbers. The foreman had his job security, for a while.

      • gravenimage says

        Apr 13, 2019 at 9:33 pm

        Luckily, Frank, this kind of insanity is relatively rare in the West. It is pretty much the norm with Muslims.

        • Frank Anderson says

          Apr 13, 2019 at 10:00 pm

          GI, I wish I could agree without qualification that such absurd job security measures are rare. I have worked at more or less 20 different trades and professions since 1967. In most of them I have found people who would either “sandbag” or otherwise hide what should be used to improve the job performance and satisfaction of the entire office or shop for their own personal security. I helped a number of times to end that sabotage and give people better places to work. I always wish you well and appreciate our conversations.

  6. Paul says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 10:41 am

    I recall the 1991 Gulf war. The pilots flew to Iran so’s to save their skins and their aircraft.
    The word is gutless. Thats why they are terrorists hiding behind liberal western valuers.

    Paul

  7. jewdog says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 10:48 am

    And don’t forget the Islamic hostility to criticism, as per the blasphemy laws for example, as a major cultural source of unimaginitive thinking.

    • Terry Gain says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 10:56 am

      Islam’s hostility to criticism and its capacity to play the Victim Card are great strengths.

  8. Terry Gain says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 10:54 am

    Muslims would lose a conventional war, but the war they are fighting is not conventional. It is very hard to lose a war when you are the only side fighting. The resolve of Muslims and the capacity of the West for suicide should not be underestimated.

    • FYI says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 12:12 pm

      The most useless title must be General of an Arab army{of the Arab sand armies}
      why should an Arab general even bother wearing a uniform and some made-up medals?Arabs don’t fool us..

      Now,a General of an Israeli Army{IDF/TZAHAL}or a western conventional one:THAT means something reliable.
      There is no messing about with the Israelis…

      The term Sand Army does not inspire confidence:like a house built on sand.

      “General salami:release the Sand Armies for we will surely defeat the Israelis with allah to misguide us”

      {No I don’t think so:1948,1967,1973..besides Israel has the Real Deal,the God of David and the muslims have the god of goliath al-lah,though they don’t see that..}

      That reminds me..

      islam is a house of cards built on shifting sands in an Earthquake subduction zone.

    • Cicero says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 12:13 pm

      A very sober caution issued by Terri

    • gravenimage says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 9:34 pm

      This is true, Terry.

  9. elee says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 1:35 pm

    Islam:military efficiency::Islam:civilisation. While the west reasoned and experimented and dialogued its way from barbarism to High Gothic to the Industrial Revolution…….civil engineering, clean water, modern medicine, widespread literacy……they said inshallah, memorised the Koran, and issued fatwas on innovators. In military matters all was innovation and heresy; they don’t even recognise the distinction between civilian and professional military. They’re still pretty good at that assassin with a dagger business though.

  10. Rueben_Singh says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 2:55 pm

    Another great read:
    Why Arabs Lose Wars
    by Norvell B. De Atkine
    Middle East Quarterly
    December 1999

    https://dev.meforum.org/441/why-arabs-lose-wars

    • William Garrison says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 4:17 pm

      Reuben: “Thank You” for suggesting a great, complimentary article!

    • gravenimage says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 9:35 pm

      Thanks for the link.

  11. Anjuli Pandavar says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 4:29 pm

    And by contrast, take a look at why “the descendants of apes and pigs” win wars:

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXrAMuq9T9Q

    Note how they talk about the impact they hope to have on a million children. Think of the equivalent inspiration that every Arab Muslim kid can look forward to: “Shit on the one below you, lick the arse of the one above you, and hope to die for Allah.” Thus do you build a society that will endure for a thousand years and more, provided it never changes.

  12. the says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 5:00 pm

    So the question now for Professor Pollack is why are Muslim terrorist jihadist networks so much better than Muslim conventional armies?

  13. thebigW says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 5:01 pm

    So the question now for Professor Pollack is why are Muslim terrorist jihadist networks so much better than Muslim conventional armies?

    • elee says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 6:36 pm

      They win this category by default. Except for when they get thwarted, and I’d just as soon our military not publish those parts. Some of the bad guys (and gals) went to western schools and can read English.

    • gravenimage says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 9:37 pm

      It is only because we have foolishly allowed Muslims to flood into the West. Just a couple of decades ago Jihad terror attacks were virtually unknown here.

  14. johnjjj says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 7:34 pm

    What we see as ‘corruption’ such as listed in the UN Office on Drugs and Crime: bribery, trading influence, nepotism and collusion are normal work practices in the Arab world. These are amplified by the ancient tribalism. The growing sectionalism – similar to tribalism – of the West is reintroducing all this into public life. The behavior of the Democrats is an example.

  15. gravenimage says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 9:24 pm

    New Book Demolishes Arab Armies of Sand
    ………………

    This is all true–generally Muslim armies are uncoordinated, poorly trained, and cowardly.

    Muslims can only threaten Infidels via lying, and targeting not just civilians, but most often the most vulnerable–this is why they so love Jihad terrorism.

  16. Wellington says

    Apr 13, 2019 at 11:17 pm

    Some cultures just suck and that’s just the way it is. Arab culture sucks, and this can be seen not just in military performance but in most every walk of life. A lot of this is due to Islam. A good bit to Arab tribalism. Not a little to pathetic codes of honor which make real codes of honor (e.g., as found in Western ways of waging war as detailed by Victor Davis Hanson in his work, Carnage and Culture) look all the more sterling. Yet another reason is the victim-mentality of Arab culture (which is in part due to Islam but not entirely). And so on.

    So sorry for not being multicultural here but multiculturalism is a giant lie. Some cultures are simply superior to others. For instance, no culture ever produced on the island of New Guinea, which is the second largest island on earth, remotely equals the cultures of ancient China and ancient Greece. And now back to the Arabs, whom I assert are the most dysfunctional major people on the planet. They are so dysfunctional that they make Latin Americans look like they have their act together.

    Hey, let’s face it. Most of the world doesn’t work. Go outside of the West and how many cultures are productive? In fact, to the extent that non-Western cultures are productive, examples being Japan, South Korea and China, it is due to borrowings from the West. Man, am I non-pc/mc or what?

    • gravenimage says

      Apr 13, 2019 at 11:37 pm

      Good post.

  17. Elsa says

    Apr 14, 2019 at 6:01 am

    Thank you for this excellent presentation of an excellent book. Fact-based – everything excellently documented. And with the facts explaining the reality of ongoing Islamic military failure. The article makes clear that these weaknesses almost certainly also mean that, if non-Islamic countries become, once again, fact-centered and logical and creative, Islam almost certainly does not stand a chance.

  18. Havoc says

    Apr 14, 2019 at 6:08 am

    I hope we can keep the barges seaworthy for the massive deportations in the Arabs’ not-too-distant future..

    Or not.

    • OLD GUY says

      Apr 14, 2019 at 11:50 am

      There are a lot of rusting ships sitting in the delta from WWII. I think they are the perfect answer.

  19. UNCLE VLADDI says

    Apr 15, 2019 at 12:04 am

    Re: “While military malfeasance will continue to bedevil Arabs for years to come, Armies of Sand’s solid scholarship will stand the test of time.”

    No it won’t! Liberals will have Amazon ban it for being “racist!”

  20. shortfattexan says

    Apr 15, 2019 at 9:14 am

    I spent twenty years wearing the uniform of my country, and I have been a military contractor for the last fourteen. In that time I have worked a lot with the militaries of more than one Middle Eastern nation. And I can tell you with absolute certainty that no Arab country has anything that could even jokingly be described as a military. If you take a bunch of tribal savages and give them high-tech weapons, you won’t have an army – you’ll have a bunch of tribal savages with high-tech weapons.

    Almost anyone who has been in the military can give you plenty of stories. Saudi SNCOs who can’t be bothered to show up for class, Pakistani sailors who just want to hear stories about “American women”, Qatari soldiers who refuse to go outside because it’s too hot.

    Does anyone remember that, during the 1991 Gulf War, a Saudi fighter pilot actually got two kills against Iraqi aircraft? It was big news at the time, especially since it was the first air-to-air engagement of the war. What didn’t make the news was the fact that the Saudi pilot was in complete panic mode, screaming like a little girl over the radio, and wanted to run at the first sight of the enemy. All of which is understandable, since he had absolutely no idea how to operate the weapons in his aircraft (a US-made F-15). The enlisted USAF air controller (air controllers are the real heroes of aerial combat, but that’s another topic) calmly and professionally talked the pilot out of his panic, told him step-by-step how to enable his weapons, and, at the right moment, how to shoot the two Iraqis out of the sky.

    Certainly, Islam is part of the problem, but by itself it doesn’t explain the utter dysfunction of Arab militaries (the Turks, for example, are a completely different story). I think that a big part of the problem is oil. Petroleum has made the nations of the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) extremely rich, and their incredible wealth has allowed them to indulge their “Islamic-ness” to a degree that other Muslim nations cannot. The article mentions a strong distaste for physical labor. I can attest to this from personal experience.

    Qatar is a good example. The Qatari government makes enough money from natural gas exports that it pays a living wage to all of its citizens – not enough to get rich, but enough to live. So if you are a Qatari citizen, there is absolutely no incentive to take a low-paying job. Which means that in Qatar, everyone you see driving a truck, waiting tables, sweeping floors, etc. is a “Foreign Worker”. Most of them Pakistani or Filipino. So only about a fourth of the population of Qatar are Qataris – the rest are foreigners.

    The military of course, is composed of citizens, not foreigners. But the citizens have been conditioned from birth to believe themselves to be superior to those around them, and to be above anything so mundane as “work”. So when they are in garrison, all the normal work that a military needs in order to run effectively is done by foreigners, and the troops do basically nothing. Which means that when they go to the field, they have no idea at all what they are supposed to be doing.

    So it’s not just Islam – it’s Islam plus oil. Non-oil-producing Islamic countries don’t have this problem (or at least, not to the same degree), nor do non-Islamic oil-exporting countries.

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